Table 2.
Patient Characteristics (high-risk group).
| Patient Characteristics |
No OAC (N = 141,966) | OAC (N = 155,067) | Total (N = 297,033) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OAC use | ||||
| Warfarin | 0 (0.0%) | 51309 (33.1%) | 51309 (17.3%) | <0.0001 |
| NOAC | 0 (0.0%) | 106619 (68.8%) | 106619 (35.9%) | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | <0.0001 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 75.1 (9.2) | 75.2 (8.4) | 75.1 (8.8) | |
| Median | 76 | 76 | 76 | |
| Q1, Q3 | 70.0, 84.0 | 70.0, 82.0 | 70.0, 83.0 | |
| Range | (18.0–88.0) | (19.0–88.0) | (18.0–88.0) | |
| Gender | <0.0001 | |||
| Female | 67456 (47.5%) | 71900 (46.4%) | 139356 (46.9%) | |
| Male | 74510 (52.5%) | 83167 (53.6%) | 157677 (53.1%) | |
| Region | <0.0001 | |||
| Midwest | 39164 (27.6%) | 48865 (31.5%) | 88029 (29.6%) | |
| Northeast | 22623 (15.9%) | 25699 (16.6%) | 48322 (16.3%) | |
| South | 67265 (47.4%) | 67132 (43.3%) | 134397 (45.2%) | |
| Unknown | 113 (0.1%) | 57 (0.0%) | 170 (0.1%) | |
| West | 12801 (9.0%) | 13314 (8.6%) | 26115 (8.8%) | |
| Health plan | 0.9244 | |||
| Commercial | 16112 (11.3%) | 17616 (11.4%) | 33728 (11.4%) | |
| Medicare Advantage | 125854 (88.7%) | 137451 (88.6%) | 263305 (88.6%) | |
| CHA2DS2-VASc | <0.0001 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 4.7 (1.7) | 4.6 (1.6) | 4.7 (1.7) | |
| Median | 5 | 4 | 4 | |
| Q1, Q3 | 3.0, 6.0 | 3.0, 6.0 | 3.0, 6.0 | |
| Range | (2.0–9.0) | (2.0–9.0) | (2.0–9.0) | |
| CHA2DS2-VASc components | ||||
| Heart failure | 48527 (34.2%) | 52162 (33.6%) | 100689 (33.9%) | 0.0018 |
| Systolic | 18381 (12.9%) | 20895 (13.5%) | 39276 (13.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic | 20834 (14.7%) | 22886 (14.8%) | 43720 (14.7%) | 0.5214 |
| Hypertension | 133413 (94.0%) | 146510 (94.5%) | 279923 (94.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 60388 (42.5%) | 66523 (42.9%) | 126911 (42.7%) | 0.0460 |
| Thromboembolism | 30743 (21.7%) | 32548 (21.0%) | 63291 (21.3%) | <0.0001 |
| CAD or PAD | 87189 (61.4%) | 88846 (57.3%) | 176035 (59.3%) | <0.0001 |
| CAD | 80241 (56.5%) | 82123 (53.0%) | 162364 (54.7%) | <0.0001 |
| PAD | 26123 (18.4%) | 24068 (15.5%) | 50191 (16.9%) | <0.0001 |
| HAS-BLED | <0.0001 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 3.2 (1.2) | 3.1 (1.1) | 3.1 (1.2) | |
| Median | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
| Q1, Q3 | 2.0, 4.0 | 2.0, 4.0 | 2.0, 4.0 | |
| Range | (0.0–8.0) | (0.0–8.0) | (0.0–8.0) | |
| HAS-BLED components | ||||
| Age > 65 years | 80874 (57.0%) | 88680 (57.2%) | 169554 (57.1%) | – |
| CKD | 31797 (22.4%) | 30878 (19.9%) | 62675 (21.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 22570 (15.9%) | 23719 (15.3%) | 46289 (15.6%) | <0.0001 |
| Ischemic stroke | 21488 (15.1%) | 23134 (14.9%) | 44622 (15.0%) | 0.0978 |
| TIA | 16047 (11.3%) | 17291 (11.2%) | 33338 (11.2%) | 0.1877 |
| Anemia/Major bleed | 85694 (60.4%) | 84990 (54.8%) | 170684 (57.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Anemia | 74152 (52.2%) | 72003 (46.4%) | 146155 (49.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Major bleed | 40604 (28.6%) | 37543 (24.2%) | 78147 (26.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Liver disease | 23447 (16.5%) | 21781 (14.0%) | 45228 (15.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Alcoholism | 8547 (6.0%) | 7034 (4.5%) | 15581 (5.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Thienopyridine/NSAIDs | 29703 (20.9%) | 25016 (16.1%) | 54719 (18.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Thienopyridine | 16818 (11.8%) | 11839 (7.6%) | 28657 (9.6%) | <0.0001 |
| NSAIDs | 14776 (10.4%) | 14478 (9.3%) | 29254 (9.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Other comorbidities | ||||
| Myocardial infarction | 27743 (19.5%) | 26099 (16.8%) | 53842 (18.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Falls | 36265 (25.5%) | 30623 (19.7%) | 66888 (22.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 122022 (86.0%) | 136726 (88.2%) | 258748 (87.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 1265 (0.9%) | 1846 (1.2%) | 3111 (1.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking | 54472 (38.4%) | 54776 (35.3%) | 109248 (36.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Obesity | 44904 (31.6%) | 56340 (36.3%) | 101244 (34.1%) | <0.0001 |
| COPD | 23179 (16.3%) | 21896 (14.1%) | 45075 (15.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 27754 (19.5%) | 35534 (22.9%) | 63288 (21.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Skilled nursing facility | 42456 (29.9%) | 33149 (21.4%) | 75605 (25.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Extracranial bleeding | 37334 (26.3%) | 35418 (22.8%) | 72752 (24.5%) | <0.0001 |
| ESRD requiring dialysis | 2256 (1.6%) | 1493 (1.0%) | 3749 (1.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Gastrointestinal lesions | 9868 (7.0%) | 8716 (5.6%) | 18584 (6.3%) | <0.0001 |
| End stage liver disease | 2371 (1.7%) | 1357 (0.9%) | 3728 (1.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Interventions | ||||
| Catheter ablation | 1985 (1.4%) | 2885 (1.9%) | 4870 (1.6%) | <0.0001 |
| Cardioversion | 5610 (4.0%) | 12718 (8.2%) | 18328 (6.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Surgical ablation/MAZE | 74 (0.1%) | 110 (0.1%) | 184 (0.1%) | 0.0396 |
| Implanted device | <0.0001 | |||
| None | 122975 (86.6%) | 131864 (85.0%) | 254839 (85.8%) | |
| CRT defibrillator | 459 (0.3%) | 806 (0.5%) | 1265 (0.4%) | |
| ICD | 6880 (4.8%) | 8242 (5.3%) | 15122 (5.1%) | |
| CRT pacemaker | 1770 (1.2%) | 1959 (1.3%) | 3729 (1.3%) | |
| Dual chamber pacemaker | 7585 (5.3%) | 9274 (6.0%) | 16859 (5.7%) | |
| Single chamber pacemaker | 2297 (1.6%) | 2922 (1.9%) | 5219 (1.8%) | |
| CABG | 16110 (11.3%) | 16241 (10.5%) | 32351 (10.9%) | <0.0001 |
| PCI | 19233 (13.5%) | 19174 (12.4%) | 38407 (12.9%) | <0.0001 |
| Concurrent medication | ||||
| Amiodarone | 10616 (7.5%) | 13242 (8.5%) | 23858 (8.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Other AADs | 11833 (8.3%) | 16582 (10.7%) | 28415 (9.6%) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium channel blockers as rate control drugs | 21622 (15.2%) | 28342 (18.3%) | 49964 (16.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Aspirin | 2923 (2.1%) | 2719 (1.8%) | 5642 (1.9%) | <0.0001 |
| Digitalis | 11011 (7.8%) | 17521 (11.3%) | 28532 (9.6%) | <0.0001 |
| Baseline (years), mean (SD) | 4.2 (3.1) | 4.1 (3.1) | 4.2 (3.1) | <0.0001 |
| Follow-up (years), mean (SD) | 2.3 (1.5) | 2.6 (1.6) | 2.5 (1.5) | <0.0001 |
| Health utilization within past 12 months, mean (SD) | ||||
| Number of AF emergency room visits | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
| Number of non-AF emergency room visits | 0.6 (1.4) | 0.5 (1.0) | 0.5 (1.2) | <0.0001 |
| Number of AF hospitalizations | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
| Number of non-AF hospitalizations | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.4 (0.8) | <0.0001 |
| All-cause hospital days | 9.9 (12.8) | 8.3 (9.9) | 9.2 (11.6) | <0.0001 |
| Patients with Events within past 3 months | ||||
| Ischemic stroke or systemic embolism | 1868 (1.3%) | 1850 (1.2%) | 3718 (1.3%) | 0.0026 |
| Major bleed | 1750 (1.2%) | 656 (0.4%) | 2406 (0.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Intracranial bleed | 535 (0.4%) | 125 (0.1%) | 660 (0.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Number of events within past 12 months, mean (SD) | ||||
| Ischemic stroke or systemic embolism | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
| Major bleed | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
| Intracranial bleed | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
Baseline comparison of patient characteristics stratified according to oral anticoagulant use within the high-risk group.
Abbreviations: Oral anticoagulant (OAC); Direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC); coronary artery disease (CAD); peripheral artery disease (PAD); chronic kidney disease (CKD); transient ischemic attack; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); end-stage renal disease (ESRD); cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT); implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD); coronary artery bypass graft (CABG); percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); antiarrhythmic drug (AAD).