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. 2023 Apr 24;10:1090743. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1090743

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Copyright © 2023 Suzuki, Miyaji, Matoba, Abe, Nakamaru, Watanabe, Suzuki, Nakazono, Konno, Hinder, Psaltis, Wormald and Homma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparison of mental workload during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) between otolaryngology registrars and board-certified otolaryngologists. Total score of national aeronautics and space administration-task load index (NASA-TLX) (A), mental demand (B), physical demand (C), temporal demand (D), performance (E), effort (F), and frustration (G) were compared between otolaryngology registrars and board-certified otolaryngologists. ESS, Endoscopic sinus surgeries; NASA-TLX, national aeronautics and space administration-task load index. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.