Figure 1.

Breeds differ in personality traits and some personality traits are also associated with age and social environment

(A) Breed differences expressed as a heatmap, where colored circles indicate the difference between breed mean of a trait and population mean of the trait. Size of the circle indicates the magnitude of difference (between the breed mean factor score and population mean factor score) and color indicates the direction (blue = lower than average dog, red = higher than average dog). Small gray circles indicate that the breed mean score did not differ from trait mean (95% confidence limits including the mean).

(B) Distributions of the highest and lowest scoring breeds in human sociability. Lines indicate breed mean scores.

(C) Scaled variance-based variable importance (relative effect size) and Cohen’s f2 (absolute effect size) in insecurity.

(D) Scaled variance-based variable importance (relative effect size) and Cohen’s f2 (absolute effect size) in energy.

(E) Association of age with dog sociability. Gray area indicates 95% confidence limits.

(F) Association of the level of socialization experiences with insecurity. Error bars indicate 95% confidence limits. N = 11 418.