Table 1.

Susceptibility of Pinaceae species to Lecanosticta species (species names and native ranges as assigned by Farjon (2010).

Degree of susceptibility of host	Reference	Country of observation	Grown as native or exotic	Additional comments
Resistant (no traces of infection have been reported where hosts located close to infected trees, or in artificial inoculation studies)
Abies concolor. (Gordon et Glendinning) Hildebrand	Adamson et al. 2015	Estonia	Exotic	Inferred: uninfected despite inoculum present within the Botanic garden
Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.	Beenken et al., 2018	Switzerland	Native	Inferred: uninfected despite inoculum present locally
	Cech (unpublished data)	Austria	Native	uninfected following artificial inoculation
Picea koyamae Shiras.	Adamson et al. 2015	Estonia	Exotic	Inferred: uninfected despite inoculum present within the Botanic garden
Pinus fenzeliana Hand.-Mazz.	Li et al., 1986	China	Native	, Inferred: forests and plantations uninfected despite inoculum present locally
P. heldreichii var. leucodermis (Antoine) Markgraf ex Fitschen	Adamson et al. 2015	Estonia	Exotic	Inferred: uninfected despite inoculum present within the Botanic garden
P. massoniana Lambert‡	Li et al., 1986	China	Native	Plantations
P. sibirica Du Tour	Adamson et al. 2015	Estonia	Exotic	Inferred: uninfected despite inoculum present within the Botanic garden
P. taiwanensis Hayata	Li et al., 1986	China	Exotic	Plantations
Low (trace levels of foliar infection)
Cedrus libani A. Rich.	Oskay et al., 2020	Turkey	Native	Observation in Botanic garden
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss	Skilling and Nicholls, 1974	USA	Exotic to most of USA (native to Canada, Alaska, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Wyoming)	Trace infection only when exposed to high levels of inoculum
P. attenuata Lemmon	Chandelier et al., 1994	France	Exotic	Plantations
P. banksiana Lamb.‡	Laut et al., 1966	Canada	Native (to eastern Canada)	Plantations
	Skilling and Nicholls, 1974	USA	Native (to northern USA)	Field inoculations in Christmas tree plantations
	Adamson et al. 2015	Estonia	Exotic	Botanic garden
P. caribaea Morelet	Lin and Liang, 1988	China	Exotic	Plantations
	Evans, 1984	Belize	Native	Natural forests Although diagnosed as L. acicola on the basis of morphological examination, subsequent phylogenetic analysis suggests L. acicola is not present in Central America
	van der Nest et al., 2019a, van der Nest et al., 2019b	Guatemala, Honduras	Native	Natural forests Phylogenetic analysis detected L. variabilis, L. pharomachri, L. jani, and L. guatemalensis but not L. acicola
P. contorta Douglas ex Loudon‡	Evans, 1984	Canada	Native	Infection recorded in forests, no details given
	Adamson et al. 2015	Estonia	Exotic	Botanic garden
P. densiflora Siebold et Zuccarini	Suto and Ougi, 1998	Japan	Native	Artificial inoculation studies. Decreasing susceptibility with age
P. elliottii Engelmann‡	Gibson, 1980	Colombia	Exotic	Infection present in plantations, but causing little damage
	Cao, 2008	China	Exotic	Plantations Tree breeding research used to produce less susceptible P. elliottii clones.
	Mesanza et al., 2021b	Spain	Exotic	Plantations
P. massoniana	Gong and Liang, 1988, Kehui et al., 1996	China	Native	Plantations and young trees adjacent to heavily infected P. taeda
P. maximinoi H. E. Moore	van der Nest et al., 2019a, van der Nest et al., 2019b	Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua	Native	Natural forests Phylogenetic analysis detected L. variabilis and L. jani, but no L. acicola
P. mugo Turra	Geodatabase (this paper)	Switzerland, Austria	Native	Natural regeneration in bogs
P. nigra J.F. Arnold‡	Sadiković et al., 2019a‡‡	Slovenia	Native	Forests
	Adamson et al. 2015	Estonia	Exotic	Botanic garden
P. nigra J. F. Arnold var. nigra	Hintsteiner et al., 2012	Austria	Native	Mature trees in gardens
P. oocarpa Schiede ex Schlectendahl	Evans, 1984	Costa Rica,	Native	Natural forests Although diagnosed as L. acicola, subsequent phylogenetic analyses suggest L. acicola not present in Central America
	van der Nest et al., 2019a, van der Nest et al., 2019b	Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua	Native	Phylogenetic analysis detected L. variabilis, L. pharomachri, L. jani, and L. guatemalensis but not L. acicola
P. palustris Miller‡	Webster, 1930, Skilling and Nicholls, 1974	USA	Native	Plantations and field inoculations in Christmas tree plantations Impacts vary across this host’s natural range, but breeding programmes have led to development of less susceptible varieties
	Huang et al., 1995	China	Exotic	Plantations
P. palustris × elliottii	Derr, 1966 Lott et al., 1966	USA	Native	Plantations – experimental trials of P. palustris hybrids
P. palustris × taeda	Lott et al., 1966	USA	Native	Plantations – experimental trials of P. palustris hybrids
P. patula Schiede ex Schlectendahl et Chamisso	Gibson, 1980	Colombia	Exotic	Plantations
P. pinaster Aiton	Siggers, 1944	USA	Exotic	Infection recorded. No details given
	Martínez and Juan, 1965	Spain	Native	Infection rare and insignificant. Location ‘type’ not specified
	Mesanza et al., 2021b	Spain	Native	Arboretum
P. pinea L.	Siggers, 1944	USA	Exotic	Infection recorded. No details given
	Mesanza et al., 2021b	Spain	Native	Arboretum
P. pseudostrobus Lindley	Evans, 1984, Marmolejo, 2000, van der Nest et al., 2019a, van der Nest et al., 2019b	Mexico	Native	Natural Forests Phylogenetic analysis detected L. gloeospora but not L. acicola
	van der Nest et al., 2019a, van der Nest et al., 2019b	Guatemala, Honduras	Native	Natural forests Phylogenetic analysis detected L. brevispora but not L. acicola
P. radiata‡ D. Don	Chandelier et al., 1994, Lévy, 1996	France	Exotic	Plantations
P. × rhaetica (natural hybrid of P. mugo and P. sylvestris)	Adamson et al. 2015, 2018	Estonia	Exotic	Botanic garden and plantations where slight infection recorded in naturally regenerated trees in mixed stand of P. mugo and P. sylvestris
	Raitelatytė et al., 2022	Lithuania	Exotic	In forest plantations where slight infections were recorded in naturally regenerated trees in mixed stands of P. mugo and P. sylvestris
P. resinosa‡ Aiton	Nicholls and Hudler, 1972	USA (Wisconsin)	Native to eastern USA	Low levels of infection in trees adjacent to heavily infected P. sylvestris in Christmas tree plantations
P. rigida Miller	Hedgecock, 1929, Siggers, 1944	USA	Native to SE USA	Infection recorded. No details given
	Adamson et al. 2015	Estonia	exotic	Botanic garden
Pinus roxburghii Sargent	Magán and de Ana, 1997	Spain	Exotic	Chlorosis of nursery seedlings, low levels of mortality observed
P. strobus L.‡	Skilling and Nicholls, 1974	USA	Native	Field inoculations in Christmas tree plantations
P. sylvestris L.‡	Skilling and Nicholls, 1974	USA	Exotic but considered naturalised	Christmas tree plantations - ‘German’ long needled provenance lowest susceptibility of four P. sylvestris provenances tested
	Adamson et al., 2018	Estonia	Native	Naturally regenerated trees in mixed stand of P. mugo and P. sylvestris
	Dubach et al., 2018	Switzerland	Native	Low levels of infection found during national monitoring exercises
	Sadiković et al., 2019a	Slovenia	Native	Relatively uninfected despite close proximity to heavily infected P. mugo
	Mesanza et al., 2021b	Spain	Native	Arboretum
	Raitelaitytė et al., 2022	Lithuania	Native	Naturally regenerated trees in mixed stand of P. mugo and P. sylvestris
	Raitelaitytė et al., 2020	Poland	Native	Naturally regenerated trees in mixed stand of P. mugo and P. sylvestris
P. taeda L.‡	Webster, 1930, Phelps et al., 1978	USA	Native (to southern and eastern States)	Christmas tree plantations
	Chandelier et al., 1994	France	Exotic	Plantations
	Mesanza et al., 2021b	Spain	Exotic	Arboretum
P. tecunumanii Eguiluz et J.P. Perry	van der Nest et al., 2019a, van der Nest et al., 2019b	Guatemala Nicaragua	Native	Natural forests Phylogenetic analysis detected L. guatemalensis, L. jani, L. pharomachri and L. tecunumanii but not L. acicola
P. thunbergii Parlatore‡	Seo et al., 2012	South Korea	Native	Coastal windbreaks
	Ye and Wu, 2011	China, Jiangsu Province	exotic	Unspecified
Medium (infection clearly visible, but growth not seriously affected)
Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière‡‡‡	Schenck et al., 2022	France	Native	Plantations
P. ayacahuite Ehrenberg ex Schlechtendahl	Marmolejo, 2000	Mexico	Native	Natural forests
P. brutia Tenore	Mesanza et al., 2021b	Spain	Exotic	Arboretum
P. brutia var. pityusa (Steven) Silba	Zhukov and Zhukov, 2008	Russia (Black Sea)	Native	Native forests and plantations
P. caribaea‡	Hedgecock, 1929	USA	Exotic	Artificial inoculation
	Li et al., 1986	China	Exotic	Plantations
P. cembroides Zuccarini	Marmolejo, 2000	Mexico	Native	Unspecified
P. clausa (Chapman ex Engelmann) Vasey ex Sargent	Li et al., 1986a	China	Exotic	Plantations
P. echinata Miller	Li et al., 1986	China	Exotic	Plantations
P. maximinoi	Theron et al., 2022	Colombia	Exotic	Young plantations infected by L. pharomachri
P. nigra‡	Georgieva, 2020	Bulgaria	Native	Plantations and natural forest
	Mesanza et al., 2021b	Spain	Native	Arboretum
P. nigra subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire	Alvère et al., 2010	France	Native	Plantations
P. palustris‡	Li et al., 1986	China	Exotic	Plantations
P. patula	Theron et al., 2022	Colombia	Exotic	Young plantations infected by L. pharomachri
P. ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson‡	Mesanza et al., 2021b	Spain	Exotic	Arboretum
P. pumila (Pall.) Regel	Zhukov et al., 2013	Russia (Sakhalin)	Native	Natural forests
P. resinosa‡	Skilling and Nicholls, 1974	USA	Native (north eastern states)	Field inoculation in Christmas tree plantations
P. sylvestris‡	Skilling and Nicholls, 1974	USA	Exotic but considered naturalised	In Christmas tree plantations NB. ‘Austrian Hills’ provenance moderately susceptible in a test of four provenances
	Alvère et al., 2010	France	Native	Plantations
	Jurc and Jurc, 2010, Sadiković et al., 2019a	Slovenia	Native	Forests, urban areas
P. taeda‡	Hedgecock, 1929, Toole, 1939, Boyce, 1952	USA	Native (to southern and eastern states) Exotic	Plantations Artificial inoculations
	Ye and Li, 1996	China	Exotic	Plantations
P. tecunumanii (low elevation provenance)	Theron et al., 2022	Colombia	Exotic	Young plantations infected by L. pharomachri
High (high levels of defoliation and in some cases, mortality observed)
P. × attenuradiata Stockwell & Righter	Chandelier et al., 1994, Lévy, 1996	France	Exotic	Plantations. High mortality observed
P. caribaea‡	López Castilla et al., 2002	Cuba	Native	High seedling mortality in nurseries
P. cubensis Grisebach / P. maestrensis Bisse	López Castilla et al., 2002	Cuba	Native	High seedling mortality in nurseries
P. contorta subsp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchfield‡	Laut et al., 1966	Canada	Native	Plantations. High mortality observed
P. densiflora‡	Magán and de Ana, 1997	Spain	Exotic	High seedling mortality in nurseries
P. elliottii‡	Li et al., 1986b, Ye and Li, 1996	China	Exotic	Plantations. High mortality observed prior to development of more resistant clones in China
P. halepensis Miller	Milatović, 1976, Glavaš and Margaletić, 2001	Croatia	Native	Plantations and natural forests. Mortality observed
	Marmolejo, 2000	Mexico	Exotic	Research forest
P. merkusii Junghuhn & de Vriese ex Vriese	Magán and de Ana, 1997	Spain	Exotic	High seedling mortality in nurseries
P. mugo	Evans et al., 1981	Canada	Exotic	Ornamental specimens
	La Porta and Capretti, 2000 Ghelardini et al., 2019	Italy	Native	Botanic Garden, Urban and parkland trees
	Brandstetter and Cech, 2003 Hinsteiner et al., 2012	Austria	Native	Urban trees and gardens
	Markovskaja et al., 2011, Raitelaitytė et al., 2022	Lithuania	Exotic	Plantations, Botanic gardens, urban trees, Arboretum
	Adamson et al., 2015	Estonia	Exotic	Urban or parkland trees
	Raitelaitytė et al., 2020	Poland	Native	Urban trees, plantations
	Geodatabase (this paper)	Slovakia	Native	Arboretum
	Jurc and Jurc, 2010, Sadiković et al., 2019a	Slovenia	Native	Arboretum, urban areas, cemeteries Forests
	Geodatabase (this paper)	Switzerland, pol	Native	Natural regeneration in bogs
P. mugo subsp. mugo	Mullett et al., 2018	Russia (Black Sea)	Exotic	Botanic Garden, arboretum
P. mugo var. Hesse	Cleary et al., 2019	Sweden	Exotic	Arboretum
P. mugo Turra subsp. rotundata (Link) Janch. Et H. Neumayer	Jankovský et al., 2008, 2009b	Czech Republic	Native	Natural regeneration in bogs
P. muricata D. Don	Lévy et al., 1996	France	Exotic	Plantations
P. nigra‡	Skilling and Nicholls, 1974	USA	Exotic but considered naturalised	Field inoculation in Christmas tree plantations
	Evans et al., 1981	Canada	Naturalised	Plantations
	Ye and Li, 1996	China	Exotic	Plantations
	Sadiković et al., 2019a‡‡	Slovenia	Native	Forests
P. nigra subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe P. nigra subsp. pallasiana var. fastigiata Businský P. nigra subsp. pallasiana var. pallasiana f. şeneriana (Saatçioğlu) Kandemir and Mataracı)	Oskay et al., 2020	Turkey	Native	Arboretum
P. palustris‡	Chapman, 1926, Hedgecock, 1929, Siggers, 1944 Wakeley, 1970	USA	Native	Plantations. Impacts vary across this host’s natural range, but mortality observed in young trees. Less susceptible varieties now available from breeding programmes
P. ponderosa‡	Luttrell, 1949, Peterson, 1981	USA	Native (to mid-west and western states)	Plantations and parkland trees Mortality observed in plantations outside natural host range of western USA
P. radiata D. Don‡	Gibson, 1980	Colombia	Exotic	Plantations
	Ortíz de Urbina et al., 2017	Spain	Exotic	Plantations
P. resinosa‡	Nicholls and Hudler, 1972	USA	Native (north eastern states)	Artificial inoculation trials
P. strobus‡	Broders et al., 2015, Wyka et al., 2017, 2018	USA	Native	Plantations. Mortality observed
P. sylvestris‡	Skilling and Nicholls, 1974, Peterson, 1981	USA	Exotic but considered naturalised	In Christmas tree plantations, and landscape planting. Short-needled ‘Spanish’ and ‘French Green’ were the most susceptible of four provenances tested in Christmas tree plantations
	Zhukov and Zhukov, 2008	Russia (Black Sea)	Native	Native forests and plantations
	Oskay et al., 2020	Turkey	Native	Arboretum
	Georgieva, 2020	Bulgaria	Native	Native forests and plantations
P. taeda‡	Toole, 1939, Boyce, 1952	USA	Native (to southern and eastern states)	In plantations
	Li et al., 1986b, Ye and Qi, 1999	China	Exotic	In plantations
P. thunbergii‡	Li et al., 1986	China	Exotic	In plantations
	Mullett et al., 2018	Russia (Black Sea)	Exotic	Botanic garden, arboretum
	Suto and Ougi, 1998	Japan	Native	On ornamental planting stock
Unknown
P. coulteri D. Don	Siggers, 1944	USA	Native	Infection recorded. No details given
P. culminicola Andresen et Beaman	Marmolejo, 2000, Quaedvlieg et al., 2012	Mexico	Native	L. longispora detected using morphological and molecular methods, no information on host condition given
P. glabra Walter	Hedgecock, 1929, Siggers, 1944	USA	Native	Infection recorded. No details given
P. jeffreyi Greville et Balfour in A. Murray	Siggers, 1944	USA	Native	Infection recorded. No details given
P. sabiniana Douglas ex D.Don	Siggers, 1944	USA	Native to western USA	Infection recorded. No details given
P. serotina Michaux	Siggers, 1944	USA	Native to south east USA	Infection recorded. No details given
Pinus × sondereggeri (natural hybrid of Pinus palustris and P. taeda)	Hedgecock, 1929	USA	Native to south east USA	Infection recorded. No details given
P. uncinata Raymond ex DC.	Cech, unpublished data	Austria	Native	L. acicola detected using molecular methods, no information on host condition given
P. virginiana Miller	Hedgecock, 1929	USA	Native to east USA	Infection recorded. No details given

^‡Denotes host species whose susceptibility has been rated differently by multiple authors and appear in more than one resistance category.

^‡‡Sadiković et al., 2019a report varying impacts of the pathogen on P. nigra in Slovenia, attributing the differences to possible differences in aggressiveness of L. acicola populations between the regions of Tolmin (heavily affected) and Trenta (less affected).

^‡‡‡The authors of this most recent record (Schenke et al. 2022) described considerable variation in disease severity of 15–25 year old Cedrus atlantica grown in plantations. Light to severe defoliation was recorded but further observations will be needed to assess susceptibility.