. 2023 Mar;16(3):419–427. doi: 10.25122/jml-2022-0284

Table 5.

Risk factors associated with chronic bronchitis.

Risk factors	Rating	Group		OR (CI 95%)	Chi-square (χ²) P-value
Risk factors	Rating	Study	Control	OR (CI 95%)	Chi-square (χ²) P-value
Age	30 and less	21	52	0.97	χ²=009^a P. 0.9 F. 1 NS
Age	31 and more	18	43	0.97	χ²=009^a P. 0.9 F. 1 NS
Gender	Male	23	48	1.28	χ²=792^a P. 0.3 F. 0.4 NS
Gender	Female	16	47	1.28	χ²=792^a P. 0.3 F. 0.4 NS
Educational level	No education	6	13	1.10	χ²=066^a P. 0.7 F. 0.4 NS
Educational level	Education	33	82	1.10	χ²=066^a P. 0.7 F. 0.4 NS
Place of residence	Rural	28	32	3.14	χ²=16.241^a P.0.000 F. 0.000 HS
Place of residence	Urban	11	63	3.14	χ²=16.241^a P.0.000 F. 0.000 HS
Smoking	Yes	19	14	2.91	χ²=17.200^a P. 0.000 F. 0.000 HS
Smoking	No	20	81	2.91	χ²=17.200^a P. 0.000 F. 0.000 HS
Exposure to secondhand smoke	Yes	33	32	5.84	χ²=28.714 P. 0.000 F. 0.000 HS
Exposure to secondhand smoke	No	6	63	5.84	χ²=28.714 P. 0.000 F. 0.000 HS

OR. in (CI 95%) – Odd Ratio at Confidence Interval (95%); χ² – Chi-Square Value, P. – P-value of Pearson Chi-Square; F. – P-value for Fisher exact; HS. – Highly Significant; NS. – Non-Significant.