The PDAC TME showing tumor cell and stromal cell interactions11. CCL2/4/5, CC-chemokine ligand 2/4/5; CCR, CC-chemokine receptor; COX2, cyclooxygenase 2; CSF-1, colony stimulating factor 1; CSF-1R, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; CXCL1/12, CXC-chemokine ligand 1/12; CXCR4, CXC-chemokine receptor type 4; DC, conventional type 1 dendritic cell; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; Flt3L, Fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3 ligand; GAS6, growth arrest-specific protein 6; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; hnRNPK, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K; HA, hyaluronic acid; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IL-1/-6/-33, interleukin-1/-6/-33; MHC-1, major histocompatibility complex 1; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; SHH, sonic hedgehog; ST2, suppression of tumorigenicity 2; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; and VISTA, V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation.