TABLE 1.
Participant demographic characteristics across studies
| Variable | Study 1 (N = 37) | Study 2 (N = 79) | Study 3 (N = 221) | Study 4 (N = 96) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age M (SD) | 18.97 (1.30) | 19.26 (1.33) | 31.21 (5.13) | 34.40 (7.45) |
| Education M (SD) | 12.78 (1.25) | 12.84 (1.14) | 14.67 (3.09) | 13.47 (2.17) |
| Annual household income M (SD) | 1.79 (2.45) | 2.88 (5.90) | 55.40 (32.66) | 33.62 (28.56) |
| Gender N (%) | ||||
| Male | 3 (8.1) | 15 (19.0) | 98 (44.4) | 37 (39.4) |
| Female | 34 (91.9) | 63 (79.7) | 123 (55.7) | 57 (60.6) |
| Neither male nor female | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Race/ethnicity N (%) | ||||
| American–Indian/Alaskan Native | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | 10 (4.5) | 2 (2.1) |
| Asian | 3 (8.1) | 6 (7.6) | 23 (10.4) | 2 (2.1) |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) |
| Black/African–American | 1 (2.7) | 8 (10.1) | 26 (11.8) | 25 (26.6) |
| Middle Eastern/North African | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0) |
| White | 33 (89.2) | 60 (75.9) | 163 (73.8) | 59 (62.8) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 2 (5.4) | 6 (7.6) | 16 (7.2) | 11 (11.7) |
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | – |
| More than one race | 0 (0) | 4 (5.1) | – | 6 (6.4) |
| Sexual identity N (%) | ||||
| Lesbian/gay | 1 (2.7) | 1 (1.3) | 13 (5.9) | 3 (3.2) |
| Bisexual | 1 (2.7) | 4 (5.1) | 46 (20.8) | 4 (4.3) |
| Queer | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (0.9) | – |
| Heterosexual | 33 (89.2) | 69 (87.53) | 160 (72.4) | 84 (89.4) |
| Don't identify/did not disclose | – | 4 (5.1) | – | 3 (3.2) |
Note: Income in thousands of dollars. Studies 1–3: Outliers removed on education and income. Studies 1, 2, and 4: Race is mutually exclusive, not ethnicity. Study 3: race and ethnicity are not mutually exclusive.