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. 2023 May 8;11:101. doi: 10.1186/s40168-023-01556-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Associations among RNA virus, mosquito species, and food sources. A A tripartite network to visualize the associations among the known viruses identified in this study, mosquito species, and their potential animal and plant hosts using a combination of our mosquito data and the host‒virus records in the NCBI database. The host records in the NCBI database were determined where the species were subjected to virus assay. B Venn diagram describing the RNA viruses shared among animal and plant hosts for the known viruses. C Venn diagram describing the RNA viruses shared among the novel viruses. D The bubble plot shows the distribution of food sources derived from animals (left) and plants (right) across mosquito species. E Classification of food sources derived from animals (top) and plants (bottom) in mosquitoes. F Network geometry of associations among RNA viruses, mosquito species, and food sources. The red dotted line indicates the significant co-occurrence association of the RNA viruses and the food sources identified in this study. Statistical significance was determined by a hypergeometric test (P < 0.01). Ae.alb, Aedes albopictus; Ae.aeg, Aedes aegypti; Cx.pip, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus; Ar.sub, Armigeres subalbatus; Cx.tri, Culex tritaeniorhynchus; Cx.pal, Culex pallidothorax; Ae.vex, Aedes vexans; Cx.vis, Culex vishnui; Cx.fus, Culex fuscocephala; Cx.sit, Culex sitiens; Cx.pse, Culex pseudovishnui; An.vag, Anopheles vagus; Cx.lut, Culex (Lutzia) fuscanus; Ae.mal, Aedes malayensis; Cx.gel, Culex gelidus. CPRLV, Culex pseudovishnui rhabdo-like virus; CPBLV, Culex pseudovishnui bunya-like virus; WMOV2, Wuhan mosquito orthophasmavirus 2; GMQLV1, Guadeloupe mosquito quaranja-like virus 1; OANLV1, Ochlerotatus-associated narna-like virus 1; CPATA, Culex pipiens-associated Tunisia virus; DMANS, Drosophila melanogaster American nodavirus (ANV) SW-2009a; DMTS, Drosophila melanogaster totivirus SW-2009a