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. 2023 Apr 28;13(1):28–39. doi: 10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000005

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Copyright © 2023. Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology.

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Figure 1. — Epithelial barrier–damaging agents. A defective epithelial barrier is underlying a number of inflammatory disorders including allergy and autoimmune diseases. Epithelial barriers of the skin, respiratory, or gastrointestinal systems are disrupted upon synergistic or additive effects of a number of agents or factors. These include detergents, shampoos, toothpaste, diesel particles, cigarette smoke, food additives, allergens with protease activity, viruses, ozone, and also alterations in climate. Translocation of the microbiota occurs as the result of leaky epithelial barrier formation.