Table 2. Association between grip strength and risk of falls (HR, 95% CI).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Population (n = 16 445) | ||||
| Linear association e(ach SD decrease) | 1.30 (1.22, 1.43) | 1.30 (1.20, 1.41) | 1.27 (1.17, 1.38) | 1.27 (1.17, 1.38) |
| Grip strength (kgf) quintiles* | ||||
| High (Q5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Medium (Q2-Q4) | 1.44 (1.22, 1.71) | 1.44 (1.21, 1.70) | 1.48 (1.24, 1.76) | 1.47 (1.24, 1.76) |
| Low (Q1) | 1.79 (1.49, 2.15) | 1.75 (1.45, 2.11) | 1.73 (1.42, 2.10) | 1.73 (1.42, 2.10) |
| Stratified by sex | ||||
| Males** (n = 7430) | ||||
| Linear association (each SD decrease) | 1.32 (1.18, 1.48) | 1.30 (1.17, 1.46) | 1.28 (1.14, 1.44) | 1.28 (1.14, 1.44) |
| Grip strength (kgf) quintiles | ||||
| High (Q5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Medium (Q2-Q4) | 1.76 (1.29, 2.40) | 1.76 (1.29, 2.40) | 1.94 (1.39, 2.71) | 1.94 (1.39, 2.71) |
| Low (Q1) | 2.27 (1.62, 3.18) | 2.21 (1.57, 3.11) | 2.30 (1.60, 3.32) | 2.30 (1.60, 3.32) |
| Females** (n = 9015) | ||||
| Linear association (each SD decrease) | 1.32 (1.18, 1.48) | 1.30 (1.16, 1.46) | 1.27 (1.43, 1.13,) | 1.27 (1.12, 1.43) |
| Grip strength (kgf) quintiles | ||||
| High (Q5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Medium (Q2-Q4) | 1.31 (1.08, 1.61) | 1.31 (1.07, 1.60) | 1.31 (1.07, 1.62) | 1.31 (1.07, 1.61) |
| Low (Q1) | 1.61 (1.29, 2.01) | 1.57 (1.26, 1.97) | 1.53 (1.21, 1.93) | 1.52 (1.21, 1.92) |
Kgf = kilogram force; SD = standard deviation; Ref = reference.
Data presented as hazard ratio [HR, 95% confidence interval (CI)]. Model 1: age and gender. Model 2: age, gender, physical activity, BMI and self-reported health status. Model 3: age, gender, physical activity, BMI, SF12 (state of health), chronic kidney disease, and polypharmacy. Model 4: age, gender, physical activity, BMI, SF12 (state of health), chronic kidney disease, polypharmacy and aspirin (100mg).
*Grip strength (kgf) categories: Low (Q1, lowest 20%), Medium (Q2-Q4, middle 60%), High (Q5, highest 20%)
**Not adjusted for gender