Table 1.
Participant demographics.
| Participants enrolled (N = 108) | Participants with MRI (N = 102) | |
|---|---|---|
| Male sex, frequency (%) | 67 (62%) | 64 (63%) |
| Birth weight, mean (SD), g | 3356.5 ± 518.2 | 3360.5 ± 528.5 |
| Head circumference, mean (SD), cm | 34.1 ± 1.4 | 34.1 ± 1.4 |
| Umbilical arterial cord pH, mean (SD) | 7.01 ± 0.16 | 7.01 ± 0.15 |
| Umbilical arterial cord BE, mean (SD) | −15.33 ± 6.69 | −15.17 ± 6.66 |
| Apgar score at 5 min, mean (SD) | 4.2 ± 2.3 | 4.3 ± 2.3 |
| Sarnat score (mild, moderate, severe), frequency (%) | 3 (3%), 90 (83%), 15 (14%) | 3 (3%), 88 (86%), 11 (11%) |
| Gestational age at birth, mean (SD), wk | 39.6 ± 1.4 | 39.6 ± 1.3 |
| Age at first glucose data, median (IQR), h | 1.0 (0.5–2.6) | 1.0 (0.5–2.7) |
| Age at first CGM data, median (IQR), h | 7.7 (6.7–9.0) | 7.8 (6.8–9.0) |
| Day of life at MRI, median (IQR), days | 5 (4-5) | 5 (4-5) |
| Glucose | ||
| First 12 h of life | ||
| Minimum glucose, median (IQR), mmol/L | 3.8 (2.7–4.6) | 3.7 (2.5–4.6) |
| Maximum glucose, median (IQR), mmol/L | 7.0 (5.8–9.4) | 6.9 (5.7–9.3) |
| SD, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.7 |
| Coefficient of variation (SD/mean), mean (SD) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
| Hypoglycemia on intermittent testing (n in N (%)) | 71 in 26 (24%) | 71 in 26 (25%) |
| Hypoglycemia on CGM (n in N (%)) | 38 in 1 (1%) | 38 in 1 (1%) |
| Hyperglycemia on intermittent testing (n in N (%)) | 63 in 32 (30%) | 57 in 27 (26%) |
| Hyperglycemia on CGM (n in N (%)) | 358 in 19 (18%) | 319 in 15 (15%) |
| First 24 h of life | ||
| Minimum glucose, median (IQR), mmol/L | 3.5 (2.5–3.9) | 3.4 (2.4–3.8) |
| Maximum glucose, median (IQR), mmol/L | 7.7 (5.9–9.9) | 7.4 (5.8–9.9) |
| SD, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 0.9 |
| Coefficient of variation (SD/mean), mean (SD) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
| Hypoglycemia on intermittent testing (n in N (%)) | 81 in 27 (25%) | 79 in 26 (25%) |
| Hypoglycemia on CGM (n in N (%)) | 177 in 5 (5%) | 177 in 5 (5%) |
| Hyperglycemia on intermittent testing (n in N (%)) | 65 in 33 (31%) | 59 in 28 (27%) |
| Hyperglycemia on CGM (n in N (%)) | 1512 in 26 (24%) | 1334 in 22 (22%) |
| First 48 h of life | ||
| Minimum glucose, median (IQR), mmol/L | 3.2 (2.3–3.8) | 3.4 (2.4–3.8) |
| Maximum glucose, median (IQR), mmol/L | 7.8 (6.3–11.5) | 7.4 (5.8–9.9) |
| SD, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.1 |
| Coefficient of variation (SD/mean), mean (SD) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
| Hypoglycemia on intermittent testing (n in N (%)) | 85 in 27 (25%) | 83 in 26 (25%) |
| Hypoglycemia on CGM (n in N (%)) | 359 in 12 (11%) | 343 in 11 (11%) |
| Hyperglycemia on intermittent testing (n in N (%)) | 68 in 34 (31%) | 62 in 29 (28%) |
| Hyperglycemia on CGM (n in N (%)) | 3838 in 33 (31%) | 3449 in 28 (27%) |
| First 72 h of life | ||
| Minimum glucose, median (IQR), mmol/L | 2.9 (2.2–3.4) | 3.1 (2.3–3.7) |
| Maximum glucose, median (IQR), mmol/L | 8.2 (6.3–11.5) | 7.7 (6.3–11.0) |
| SD, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.1 |
| Coefficient of variation (SD/mean), mean (SD) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
| Hypoglycemia on intermittent testing (n in N (%)) | 86 in 28 (26%) | 84 in 27 (26%) |
| Hypoglycemia on CGM (n in N (%)) | 460 in 14 (13%) | 444 in 13 (13%) |
| Hyperglycemia on intermittent testing (n in N (%)) | 74 in 36 (33%) | 68 in 31 (30%) |
| Hyperglycemia on CGM (n in N (%)) | 4100 in 35 (32%) | 3711 in 30 (29%) |
| Brain injury patterna | ||
| Basal ganglia, frequency (%) | 24 (22%) | 24 (24%) |
| Watershed, frequency (%) | 17 (16%) | 17 (17%) |
| Focal infarct, frequency (%) | 15 (14%) | 15 (15%) |
| Posterior-predominant, frequency (%) | 31 (29%) | 31 (30%) |
BE, base excess; CGM, continuous glucose monitor; IQR, interquartile range; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SD, standard deviation.
Hypoglycemia ≤2.6 mmol/L and hyperglycemia >8.0 mmol/L.
n in N (%) means number of episodes in number (percent) of subjects.
a
Brain injury pattern categories are not mutually exclusive.