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. 2023 May 8;14:2643. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38138-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Structural illustration, STEM image and corresponding EDS elemental mappings of a nanofiber. b Three-dimensional reconstruction and TEM image of FIB slice showing the interconnected pores (highlighted by the arrow) inside a nanofiber. The area of amplification in (b) is marked with a blue dashed box. The color bar in (b) represents the contrast. HRTEM images (c, e) and corresponding GPA strain analysis (d, e) of grain boundaries within a nanofiber. In (c) and (e), strain analysis area is marked with red boxes; Ti, O, Zn and W atoms are highlighted by magenta red, white, blue and orange dots, respectively; dislocation areas are marked with white boxes; grain boundaries are highlighted by yellow dashed lines; lattice spacing is highlighted by white lines in pairs. The color bars in (d) and (e) represent the strain. f STEM image and corresponding EELS mapping of oxygen atoms on the FIB slice of nanofiber (left), and the analysis results of oxygen content distribution on a nanofiber slice (right). The color bar in (f) represents the oxygen content (×10³ at./nm²) on slice.