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. 2023 May 8;14:2643. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38138-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a In situ TEM observation of a single nanofiber under bending deformations. b TEM image showing the crack section of crystal under strain direction, with GPA strain analysis (inset). The color bar in (b) represents the strain. c SEM image of fibrous mat wrapped on an ultrathin tube with different magnifications. The scale bar in the inset SEM image is 1 mm. d Stability of mat over 5000-cycle bending with angle over 60^o. e Optical images and corresponding schemes of the flexible TiO₂/ZnWO₄ mat with various origami structures. The scale bars represent 1 cm. f Comparison of specific mechanical strength among our work and recently advanced works. g Schematic illustration of DIC test for measuring micro-strain within a R-TiO₂/ZnWO₄ mat in the presence of flowing CH₄ gas or electrolyte liquid. h DIC images (top) and real-time micro-strain curves (bottom) of the R-TiO₂/ZnWO₄ mat by cycling CH₄/electrolyte with a flow rate of 100 mL/min. The DIC images show the absence of cracking in our mat while the conventional TiO₂ mat has cracks. The scale bars in (h) are 0.5 cm. The color bars in (h) represent the d_z (mm) detected in DIC tests. The red and purple symbol in (h) marked the peak and valley in curve, respectively.