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. 2023 May 8;14:2643. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38138-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a UV–vis absorption spectra of R-TiO₂/ZnWO₄, TiO₂/ZnWO₄ and TiO₂. Insets in spectra show the optical images of non-free-standing TiO₂, free-standing TiO₂/ZnWO₄ and R-TiO₂/ZnWO₄ mat. The optical image (right) shows a transparent TiO₂/ZnWO₄ fibrous mat. The scale bars represent 5 mm in (a). b The inherent conductivity test of R-TiO₂/ZnWO₄ with and without fibrous interwoven structure. The inset SEM images and schemes illustrate the fibrous structures and the test method, respectively. c Schematic illustration of the triphasic interfaces in the designed R-TiO₂/ZnWO₄/PTFE mat (i). The contact angles of CH₄ gas bubbles on the surfaces of R-TiO₂/ZnWO₄ fibrous mat (ii, left), on broken nanofibers (ii, middle), and on nanoparticles (ii, right) in the same Na₂SO₄ (pH = 2) liquid. The inserted schemes illustrate these structures. The contact angle of CH₄ gas bubbles on the surface of PTFE shows the rapid gas diffusion into R-TiO₂/ZnWO₄ (iii).