Fig. 1. Overview of the machine learning results and validation.

A Representative images of individual osteophyte flow scores and calculation of a total DISH score across all vertebrae. B Comparison of machine learning derived DISH scores with median scores from three annotators in the validation dataset (n = 300 images). The centerline of the box represents the median ML DISH score while the whiskers indicate the 25th and 75th percentile of the ML DISH score within that category. Individual comparison between annotators and ML scores can be found in Supplementary Fig. 3. C Comparison of ML scores with assessment by two expert radiologists based on Resnick diagnostic criteria for DISH. Majority of individuals above a score of 12 have DISH based on the Resnick criteria.