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. 2023 May 8;14:2644. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38279-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A The distribution of DISH scores in the UK Biobank Imaging cohort (~40 K participants) stratified by age and gender. Men are more likely to present with multiple osteophytes than women. There is a strong age dependent increase in DISH scores. B Association of DISH with self reported pain questionnaires in multivariate adjusted (age, sex, age*sex, age^2, township deprivation index, smoking, ethnicity) logistic model. DISH is linked to increased use of pain medications and Neck and shoulder pain. The number of participants who replied to these questions in the questionnaire during the imaging visit varied widely from 2360 for stomach pains to 41,233 participants for taking pain medication and the logistic regression is performed with information from all participants who answered the questionnaire. C Association of DISH with pre-existing comorbidities in EHR records in multivariate logistic model (same adjustments as above). DISH is significantly linked to metabolic diseases, renal disorders and other forms of arthritis (n = 41,233). The blue dots represent the mean effect size, the error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.