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. 2023 May 8;14:2644. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38279-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — A Multivariate LASSO regression identifies independent physiological predictors of DISH (n = 41,233). Only features where 95% credible intervals do not overlap zero effect size are shown. Among the strongest risk factors are age, sex, and various BMC measures. The blue dots represent the mean effect size, the error bars represent 95% confidence intervals in the regression model. B Increased bone mineral density (BMD) across the entire skeletal system is associated with increased DISH score. Plot shows age and sex adjusted spline fits (GAM model) across multiple distal sites. Association of DISH with BMD in the Head, Femur Shaft, and Femur Ward’s skeletal sites (areas not known to form osteophytes) suggest that BMD is an independent risk factor for osteophyte formation. The shaded regions represent the 95% confidence interval of the spline fit.