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. 2023 Apr 13;13(5):3174–3184. doi: 10.21037/qims-22-1042

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2023 Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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CT raw images and localization heatmaps of patients. (A,B) A 26-year-old male patient with OS; (C,D) A 12-year-old male patient with Ewing’s sarcoma. (A,C) CT raw image; (B,D) localization heatmaps, which highlight the important regions for the CNN model to make diagnostic decisions. The model paid more attention to the red regions, which were important for the diagnostic decision, and the deep red regions overlapped with the tumor area. OS, osteosarcoma; CT, computed tomography; CNN, convolutional neural network.