TABLE II.

Comparison to Previous Work

Study	Participants	EMG Chans.	Hand Classes	Completion Delay (s)	Completion Rate (%)
Kuiken et al. 2009	3 SD, 2 TH	12 surface gelled	4	0.54±0.27	86.9±13.9
Li et al. 2010	5 TR	12 surface gelled	6	0.45±0.35	53.9 ±14.2
Cipriani et al. 2011	5 TR	8 surface gelled	7	0.86*	77*
Vaskov et al. 2022	2 TR	8 intramuscular	8	0.26±0.09	96.3±5.3
			4	0.14±0.06	100±0.0

Three earlier studies quantified real-time classification including multiple hand (finger or grasp) movements for persons with shoulder disarticulations (SD), transhumeral (TH), or transradial (TR) amputations using similar randomized control tasks. Movement completion metrics for hand postures were calculated consistent with previous work. The task in those studies differed from the posture switching task in two ways: a rest period was presented in between cues and the completion requirement was a cumulative selection instead of a continuous hold. Completion rate and time were defined as the percentage of trials and median time in which one second of the correct posture was cumulatively matched. Completion delay is presented as the difference between the reported completion time and the selection length, which varied between earlier studies. By nature, completion rate is greater than or equal to success rate and completion delay is less than or equal to trial latency. Metrics were averaged across subjects (mean±s.t.d.)

^*variance across subjects not reported.