Table 2.

DSM‐5 diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder ¹⁷

A. A problematic pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12‐month period:

The substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control the substance use. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use the substance. Recurrent use of the substance resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home. Continued use of the substance despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of use of the substance. Recurrent use of the substance in situations in which it is physically hazardous. Use of the substance is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following: A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect. A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following: The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance. The substance (or a closely related one) is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Note: Withdrawal symptoms and signs are not established for some substances, and so this criterion does not apply.