Table 1.
Excess deaths in 2020–2023 (using 2017–2019 average as reference) and vulnerability indicat
| Country | Excess deaths, p (%)* | 2021 Population in Millions | Excess deaths, absolute | Excess deaths, absolute per million* | Reported COVID-19 deaths per million 2-Aug-2023 | Per capita nominal GDP ($) | Gini for income inequality | Living in poverty (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Zealand | −3.56 | 4.86 | −4,619 | −950 | 662 | 48,781 | 0.320 | No data |
| Sweden | −3.53 | 10.16 | −11,632 | −1,145 | 2,415 | 61,029 | 0.276 | 0.60 |
| Denmark | −2.98 | 5.81 | −6,245 | −1,074 | 1,509 | 68,008 | 0.268 | 0.40 |
| Norway | −2.05 | 5.47 | −3,161 | −578 | 1,027 | 89,154 | 0.263 | 0.52 |
| South Korea | −1.94 | 51.31 | −22,583 | −440 | 688 | 34,998 | 0.331 | 0.74 |
| Australia | −1.86 | 25.79 | −10,949 | −425 | 872 | 60,443 | 0.318 | 0.74 |
| Luxembourg | −1.80 | 0.63 | −283 | −446 | 1,575 | 133,590 | 0.305 | 0.30 |
| Iceland | −0.39 | 0.34 | −32 | −93 | 542 | 68,728 | 0.250 | 0.04 |
| Israel | 0.48 | 8.79 | 829 | 94 | 1,433 | 52,171 | 0.342 | 2.47 |
| Switzerland | 0.71 | 8.72 | 1,807 | 207 | 1,610 | 91,992 | 0.316 | 0.14 |
| Finland | 1.25 | 5.55 | 2,547 | 459 | 1,818 | 53,655 | 0.265 | 0.10 |
| Belgium | 2.31 | 11.63 | 9,224 | 793 | 2,955 | 51,247 | 0.262 | 0.20 |
| Canada | 2.66 | 38.07 | 25,900 | 680 | 1,396 | 51,988 | 0.280 | 0.74 |
| Germany | 2.77 | 83.90 | 97,544 | 1,163 | 2,086 | 51,204 | 0.296 | 0.50 |
| France | 2.77 | 65.43 | 61,191 | 935 | 2,568 | 43,659 | 0.292 | 0.11 |
| Portugal# | 3.08 | 10.17 | 12,954 | 1,274 | 2,653 | 24,568 | 0.310 | 0.90 |
| Netherlands | 3.35 | 17.17 | 19,296 | 1,124 | 1,338 | 57,768 | 0.304 | 0.30 |
| Slovenia# | 4.00 | 2.08 | 3,054 | 1,469 | 4,536 | 29,291 | 0.246 | 0.10 |
| Spain# | 4.15 | 46.75 | 64,772 | 1,386 | 2,607 | 30,104 | 0.320 | 2.50 |
| Hungary# | 4.57 | 9.63 | 21,413 | 2,223 | 5,065 | 18,728 | 0.286 | 1.80 |
| Estonia# | 4.61 | 1.33 | 2,656 | 2,004 | 2,188 | 27,944 | 0.305 | 1.30 |
| UK# | 5.04 | 68.21 | 114,419 | 1,678 | 3,349 | 46,510 | 0.355 | 0.86 |
| Austria | 5.88 | 9.04 | 17,605 | 1,947 | 2,492 | 53,638 | 0.274 | 0.80 |
| Italy# | 6.11 | 60.37 | 140,448 | 2,327 | 3,164 | 35,658 | 0.330 | 3.05 |
| Croatia# | 6.14 | 4.08 | 11,482 | 2,813 | 4,480 | 17,685 | 0.292 | 1.80 |
| Greece# | 6.47 | 10.37 | 28,619 | 2,760 | 3,593 | 20,193 | 0.308 | 3.40 |
| Latvia# | 6.74 | 1.87 | 6,793 | 3,639 | 3,949 | 21,148 | 0.355 | 2.00 |
| Slovakia# | 7.27 | 5.46 | 14,667 | 2,686 | 3,876 | 21,392 | 0.222 | 1.30 |
| Czechia# | 8.30 | 10.72 | 33,289 | 3,104 | 3,992 | 26,821 | 0.248 | 0.30 |
| Poland# | 8.50 | 37.80 | 128,615 | 3,403 | 3,165 | 18,000 | 0.281 | 1.20 |
| Lithuania# | 8.98 | 2.69 | 12,314 | 4,578 | 3,604 | 23,723 | 0.357 | 1.40 |
| Chile# | 10.89 | 19.21 | 45,805 | 2,384 | 3,207 | 16,265 | 0.460 | 4.40 |
| USA# | 12.08 | 332.92 | 1,220,295 | 3,665 | 3,386 | 70,249 | 0.375 | 1.50 |
| Bulgaria# | 15.76 | 6.90 | 59,067 | 8,565 | 5,567 | 12,222 | 0.408 | 8.20 |