Figure 3.

Mechanisms of miRNA dysregulation in cancer.

a, The altered expression of tumor-suppressive or oncogenic miRNAs is induced by various mechanisms: (1) chromosomal abnormalities; (2) alterations in transcriptional regulation; (3) epigenetic mechanisms including super-enhancers; (4) mutations or modifications in miRNAs; and (5) dysregulation of the miRNA biogenesis pathway.

b, Dysregulation of DICER in DICER1 syndrome. Several models of two-hit activation are shown. Various other scenarios have also been reported.

c, Mutations in DROSHA and DGCR8 in Wilms tumors.