Rani 1996.

Study characteristics
Methods	Design: parallel Duration: 4 weeks Assessment: baseline, week 1, week 2, week 3, post‐intervention Country: India
Participants	Pain condition: chronic pain syndrome Population: 27 presented with low back pain, 16 with OA, 8 with fibromyalgia, and 8 with RA Minimum pain intensity: ≥ 60 on 0‐100 VAS Inclusion criteria People with chronic pain syndrome Pain intensity ≥ 60 on 0‐100 VAS Poor response to NSAIDs after 1 month Exclusion criteria Severe physical health comorbidities Total participants randomised: 59 Age in years (mean, SD): 40 Gender: 36/59 were female Pain duration in months (mean): 25.3
Interventions	Placebo n = 18 Inert Identical appearance Amitriptyline 25 mg n = 20 TCA Fixed dose Fluoxetine 20 mg n = 21 SSRI Fixed dose
Outcomes	Pain intensity Withdrawal
Missing data methods	Unclear
Funding source	Pharmaceutical: supported by Natco Pharma Limited, India
Conflicts of interest	NR
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomisation methods not specified
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Allocation procedures not specified
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double‐blind, identical study drugs with matched dosing
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Self‐reported outcomes from blinded participants
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No mention of missing data handling/impute methods, it seems like no participants dropped out but this is unclear
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol or trial registration found
Other bias	Low risk	No other sources of bias were identified