Table 1.
The participating youths’ study patterns before, during, and after COVID-19 lockdown by sex and educational level
| Percentage | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High school students | Undergraduate students | Graduate students | All | |||||||
| Variable | Male (n = 678) |
Female (n = 2146) |
Total (n = 2824) |
Male (n = 2106) |
Female (n = 4918) |
Total (n = 7024) |
Male (n = 68) |
Female (n = 166) |
Total (n = 234) |
Grand total (n = 10082) |
| Average study time (hours/day) | ||||||||||
| Before lockdown (reference group for ‘During lockdown’ and ‘After lockdown’) | ||||||||||
| <1h | 22.9 | 24.5 | 24.1 | 21.3 | 23.7 | 23.0 | 17.7 | 14.5 | 15.4 | 23.1 |
| 1 - 4h | 47.3 | 42.4 | 43.5 | 44.9 | 43.8 | 44.1 | 26.5 | 33.1 | 31.2 | 43.7 |
| 5 - 8h | 23.0 | 25.6 | 25.0 | 26.4 | 25.8 | 26.0 | 32.3 | 40.4 | 38.0 | 26.0 |
| > 8h | 6.8 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 23.5 | 12.0 | 15.4 | 7.2 |
| During lockdown | ||||||||||
| <1h | 22.3 | 17.9*** | 18.9*** | 19.5* | 21.8*** | 21.1*** | 25.0 | 20.5** | 21.8** | 20.5*** |
| 1 - 4h | 48.4 | 39.9*** | 41.9*** | 49.2* | 50.4*** | 50.1*** | 30.9 | 46.4** | 41.9 ** | 47.6*** |
| 5 - 8h | 23.6 | 34.7*** | 32.0 *** | 24.5* | 23.1*** | 23.5 *** | 27.9 | 27.1** | 27.3 ** | 26.0*** |
| >8h | 5.7 | 7.5*** | 7.1 *** | 6.8* | 4.7*** | 5.3 *** | 16.2 | 6.0** | 9.0 ** | 5.9*** |
| After lockdown | ||||||||||
| <1h | 12.8 | 9.2*** | 10.1 *** | 11.6* | 6.5*** | 8.0 *** | 17.6 | 13.3** | 14.5 ** | 8.7*** |
| 1 - 4h | 36.7 | 27.6*** | 29.8 *** | 39.3* | 31.3*** | 33.7 *** | 22.1 | 46.4** | 39.3 ** | 32.8*** |
| 5 - 8h | 38.2 | 48.7*** | 46.1*** | 38.1* | 48.1*** | 45.1*** | 39.7 | 32.5** | 34.6 ** | 45.1*** |
| >8h | 12.3 | 14.5*** | 14.0 *** | 11.0* | 14.2*** | 13.2 *** | 20.6 | 7.8** | 11.6 ** | 13.4*** |
| Main study mode | ||||||||||
| Before lockdown (reference group for ‘During lockdown’ and ‘After lockdown’) | ||||||||||
| In-class study | 20.6 | 18.0 | 18.7 | 30.9 | 35.9 | 34.4 | 20.6 | 26.5 | 24.8 | 29.8 |
| Online study | 38.8 | 43.2 | 42.1 | 40.4 | 32.7 | 35.0 | 26.5 | 23.5 | 24.4 | 36.7 |
| Self-study | 40.6 | 38.8 | 39.2 | 28.7 | 31.4 | 30.6 | 52.9 | 50.0 | 50.8 | 33.5 |
| During lockdown | ||||||||||
| In-class study | 1.5*** | 0.3*** | 0.6 *** | 2.5*** | 0.5*** | 1.1 *** | 2.9 *** | 1.2 *** | 1.7 *** | 1.0*** |
| Online study | 64.6*** | 72.5*** | 70.6 *** | 71.5*** | 65.8*** | 67.5 *** | 50.0 *** | 48.2 *** | 48.7 *** | 68.0*** |
| Self-study | 33.9*** | 27.2*** | 28.8 *** | 26.0*** | 33.7*** | 31.4 *** | 47.1 *** | 50.6 *** | 49.6 *** | 31.0*** |
| After lockdown | ||||||||||
| In-class study | 29.0*** | 0.9*** | 7.7 *** | 11.3*** | 5.3*** | 7.1 *** | 16.2*** | 6.6*** | 9.4 *** | 7.3*** |
| Online study | 60.5*** | 86.7*** | 80.4 *** | 78.3*** | 87.3*** | 84.6 *** | 42.6*** | 51.2*** | 48.7 *** | 82.6*** |
| Self-study | 10.5*** | 12.4*** | 11.9 *** | 10.4*** | 7.4*** | 8.3 *** | 41.2*** | 42.2*** | 41.9 *** | 10.1*** |
*Values under a given variable were shown in bold, if the difference across educational levels (high school students, undergraduate students, graduate students) within the overall population (total) or within a given sex (male, female) was significant; shown in italic, if the difference between sexes within a given educational level was significant; and marked by asterisks, if the difference during or after COVID-19 within a given educational level and sex (relative to ‘before lockdown’) was significant (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). P - values were based on χ2 tests.