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. 2023 Apr 26;14:1100133. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1100133

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Copyright © 2023 Lin, Yu, Xie, Xu and Shang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Molecular mechanisms of nanomedicines. (A) MCPZFS NPs recruited Aβ and were endocytosed into microglia. After the dysfunctional microglia were restored, secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators was reduced, while phagocytosis of microglia, production of BDNF, and Aβ clearance were enhanced. (B) CS-AT NPs targeted microglia and opened their surface TRPV1 channels after the second near infrared (NIR-II) laser irradiation, leading to Ca2 + influx, activations of ATG5 and Ca2 + /CaMKK2/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways, enhanced autophagy, phagocytosis and degradation of α-syn. (C) After GO entered microglia, it activated AMPK and inhibited mTOR pathway. GO-activated autophagy is analogous to rapamycin-activated autophagy (The picture was created with “BioRender.com”).