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. 2023 May 9;14:2297. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37678-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic diagram of the skin-integrated, wireless olfaction interface for providing olfaction feedback to a user for an immersive VR experience. The schematic illustration in the frame shows an exploded view of the OG. b, c Exploded-view illustrations of the two olfaction interfaces, where Device 1 is in a skin-integrated format based on two OGs (b), and Device 2 is built on a flexible face mask platform with 9 OGs embedded (c). d Optical images of the skin-integrated olfaction interface (Device 1) mounted onto human curved skins under the bending mechanical deformation. e Optical images of the face mask-based olfaction interface (Device 2) with 9 OGs, capable of yielding 9 different original odors, where the details of circuit design, device layout, and assembled face mask have been displayed.