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. 2023 May 9;14:2297. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37678-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, b Electrical response of the OG as a function of B values of thermistors at a constant heating power of 0.25 W as the heating temperature is switched between 45 °C and 60 °C, and the corresponding analyzed result (b). c Temperature fluctuation of the OG as a function of air flow rate at a target-controlled temperature of 45 °C. d–f Electrical response of the OG as a function of heating power ranging from 0.12 W to 0.37 W as the heating temperature is switched between 45 °C and 50 °C, 55 °C, and 60 °C, respectively, with the analyzed results displaying sub-stable temperature (e) and response time (f). g–j Optimization of the power input to the electromagnet Cu coil of the OG with the optical images (g) and corresponding electrical response of the heating temperature (h) with the analyzed results showing the response time (i) and sub-stable temperature (j). In this figure, all the error bars denote the standard deviation.