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. 2023 May 9;14:2297. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37678-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a A teacher is teaching botany in a VR class with all people wearing a series of VR interface, including the VR glasses for vision feedback, a cloth integrated motion caption system, and a face-mask-based olfaction interface for olfaction display. Here, students could smell the fragrance of various studied plants through the olfaction interface. b–d Demonstration of the entire VR interface physically connecting a user to the virtual subject for manipulating it to pick up flowers in front of him, then put them near to the nose for smelling (b) with the electrical responses of motion caption electronics (c) and olfaction interface (d).