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. 2023 May 9;14:2679. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38419-3

Fig. 4. Proactive fouling prevention mechanism and separation performance of membranes.

Fig. 4

a Structure of the WPM II MF/water molecule with enhanced hydrogen bonds formed between the membranes and hydration layer. (The club-shaped structure represents PCA/AP, and the purple ball represents Fe3+). b Water absorption energy between PCA/AP/WPM II and water. PMF: Potential of mean force. c, d Diffusion coefficients and residence times of the hydration layer of PCA/AP and WPM II. MSD: Mean Square Displacement. HB: Hydrogen bonds. e–h AFM images of membranes.