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. 2023 Jan 21;39(5):731–744. doi: 10.1007/s12264-022-01012-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — ACh increases neuronal excitability. A Example traces of action potentials induced by a depolarizing current injection (500 ms) into a glutamatergic neuron (red) and a GABAergic neuron (blue) under 4 different conditions: before, 1 μmol/L, 5 μmol/L, and 20 μmol/L ACh. Scale bars, 20 mV, 100 ms. B ACh increases the number of spikes in glutamatergic neurons (normalized to the value before ACh application. 1 μmol/L: 1.93 ± 0.15, P <0.001, n = 13; 5 μmol/L: 2.65 ± 0.21, P <0.001, n = 14; 20 μmol/L: 2.56 ± 0.25, P <0.001, n = 14; ACh vs before, paired t-test. 1 μmol/L vs 5 μmol/L: P <0.01; 1 μmol/L vs 20 μmol/L: P <0.05; 5 μmol/L vs 20 μmol/L: P = 0.79; unpaired t-test). C ACh increases the normalized number of spikes in GABAergic neurons (1 μmol/L: 2.43 ± 0.26, P <0.001, n = 8; 5 μmol/L: 2.45 ± 0.23, P <0.01, n = 6; 20 μmol/L: 2.21 ± 0.30, P <0.01, n = 6; ACh vs before, paired t-test. 1 μmol/L vs 5 μmol/L: P = 0.95; 1 μmol/L vs 20 μmol/L: P = 0.60; 5 μmol/L vs 20 μmol/L: P = 0.54; unpaired t-test).