Table 1.
T0 (Pre-intervention) characteristics for participants included in imaging analysis, stratified by SYNERGIC arms
| Characteristic | Total (n = 90) |
Arm 1 PE&CT&VD (SYN) (n = 19) |
Arm 2 PE&CT&VDc (n = 16) |
Arm 3 PE&CTc&VD (n = 21) |
Arm 4 PE&CTc&VDc (n = 17) |
Arm 5 PEc&CTc&VDc (PC) (n = 17) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 73.89 ± 6.50 | 73.68 ± 6.86 | 73.25 ± 7.39 | 75.90 ± 7.55 | 72.12 ± 4.15 | 74.00 ± 5.77 | 0.491 |
| # of Males (Females) | 47 (43) | 9 (10) | 11 (5) | 11 (10) | 12 (5) | 4 (13) | 0.043* |
| # of Comorbidities | 4.77 ± 2.46 | 5.21 ± 2.62 | 5.00 ± 2.10 | 4.90 ± 3.03 | 4.18 ± 2.51 | 4.47 ± 1.84 | 0.735 |
| Years of Education | 15.35 ± 3.66 | 14.21 ± 2.76 | 15.75 ± 3.28 | 14.81 ± 2.98 | 15.38 ± 2.98 | 16.88 ± 5.60 | 0.244 |
| Height (cm) | 167.61 ± 10.03 | 169.33 ± 10.04 | 168.13 ± 10.68 | 168.68 ± 7.73 | 170.74 ± 10.84 | 160.74 ± 9.02 | 0.029* |
| Weight (kg) | 76.39 ± 14.61 | 76.79 ± 16.55 | 77.89 ± 12.52 | 77.08 ± 12.67 | 79.77 ± 15.78 | 70.31 ± 15.11 | 0.401 |
| Body Mass Index | 27.13 ± 4.39 | 26.66 ± 4.59 | 27.62 ± 4.11 | 27.04 ± 3.75 | 27.29 ± 4.58 | 27.17 ± 5.33 | 0.979 |
| MoCA | 22.94 ± 2.96 | 23.68 ± 4.03 | 23.13 ± 2.45 | 22.90 ± 3.05 | 22.82 ± 1.81 | 22.12 ± 2.91 | 0.634 |
| Vitamin D | |||||||
| Serum Levels (nmol/L) | 81.95 ± 25.14a | 86.92 ± 18.47b | 85.23 ± 16.42c | 82.87 ± 26.78d | 80.36 ± 35.12e | 74.00 ± 29.03f | 0.731 |
| Deficient (≤ 75 nmol/L) | 41.54%a | 30.77%b | 38.46%c | 40.00%d | 45.45%e | 53.85%f | 0.815 |
All values are mean ± standard deviation, except sex shows the sample size. ANOVA or Pearson chi-square analysis as appropriate. MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment; # number; cm centimeters; kg kilograms. c control; CT cognitive training; PC pure control; PE physical exercise; nmol/L nanomoles per litre; SYN synergic; VD vitamin D; * p-value < 0.05. The threshold for deficient vitamin D levels was based on our previous work [39]. Reasons for not completing blood withdrawal included the phlebotomist's inability to find an adequate vein or failure to draw blood after two attempts and the participant declining the blood withdrawal portion of the study; therefore, the sample size for serum levels is less than the sample for every other variable: a = 65; b = 13; c = 13; d = 15; e = 11; f = 13