Table 2.
General characteristics and body composition profile of the study population (N = 230).
| Males (n = 70) | Females (n = 160) | Total (n = 230) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | |||
| General characteristics | |||
| Age, years | 59.7 ± 7.4* | 57.5 ± 6.4 | 58.2 ± 6.7 |
| Marital status | |||
| Marriedb | 65 (92.9) | 124 (77.5) | 189 (82.2) |
| Household size | 3.4 ± 1.8 | 3.4 ± 1.7 | 3.4 ± 1.7 |
| Number of child | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 2.6 ± 1.4 |
| Age of menarchea, years | – | 13.1 ± 1.6 | – |
| Year of menopausea, years | – | 45.7 ± 14.7 | – |
| Year since menopausea, years | – | 7.6 ± 6.5 | – |
| Body composition | |||
| Weight, kg | 68.0 ± 10.6*** | 55.6 ± 9.8 | 59.4 ± 11.5 |
| Height, m | 1.7 ± 0.1*** | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 |
| Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 3.4** | 23.0 ± 3.8 | 23.5 ± 3.8 |
| Underweightb | 2 (2.9) | 12 (7.5) | 14 (6.1) |
| Normal | 42 (60.0) | 104 (65.0) | 146 (63.5) |
| Overweight | 20 (28.6) | 3.6 (22.5) | 56 (24.3) |
| Obese | 6 (8.6) | 8 (5.0) | 14 (6.1) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 89.8 ± 8.1*** | 79.8 ± 9.1 | 82.8 ± 10.0 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 96.2 ± 6.3 | 95.1 ± 8.0 | 95.5 ± 7.5 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.9 ± 0.1*** | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 |
| Handgrip muscle strength, kg | |||
| Dominant hand | 40.8 ± 9.5*** | 25.5 ± 5.5 | 30.1 ± 9.9 |
| Non-dominant hand | 37.2 ± 8.9*** | 23.6 ± 4.9 | 27.7 ± 8.9 |
| DXA-Lean body mass, kg | 48.5 ± 6.1*** | 33.6 ± 4.3 | 38.1 ± 8.5 |
| DXA-height-adjusted ASM, kg/m2 | 7.7 ± 0.8*** | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 1.2 |
| DXA-fat mass, kg | 18.4 ± 5.5** | 21.1 ± 6.0 | 20.3 ± 6.0 |
| DXA-body fat percent, % | 26.2 ± 4.9*** | 36.8 ± 5.1 | 33.6 ± 7.0 |
| Dietary and lifestyle profiles | |||
| Energyc, Kcal/d | 2060.7** (1920.5; 2200.9) | 1817.2 (1736.8; 1897.6) | 1891.3 (1820.0; 1962.6) |
| Proteinc, g/d | 74.1 (67.5; 80.7) | 67.3 (63.4; 71.2) | 69.4 (66.0; 72.7) |
| Fatc, g/d | 53.6 (48.3; 58.9) | 52.1 (47.7; 56.6) | 52.6 (49.1; 56.0) |
| Omega 3 FAc, g | 1.7 (1.4; 2.0) | 1.7 (1.4; 1.9) | 1.7 (1.5; 1.9) |
| Omega 6 FAc, g | 3.4 (2.9; 3.8) | 3.3 (3.0; 3.6) | 3.3 (3.0; 3.6) |
| Vitamin Dc, μg | 5.4** (4.6; 6.2) | 4.1 (3.7; 4.5) | 4.9 (4.1; 4.9) |
| Calciumc, mg | 562.4 (500.2; 624.6) | 531.5 (492.2; 570.8) | 540.9 (507.9; 574.0) |
| Ironc, mg | 20.2 (17.9; 22.5) | 18.7 (17.4; 20.0) | 19.1 (18.0; 20.3) |
| Total physical activityc, hours/day | 3.1 (2.8; 3.4)*** | 4.3 (4.0; 4.6) | 3.6 (3.7; 4.2) |
| Total MVPAc, hours/day | 0.5 (0.7; 1.4) | 0.5 (0.7; 1.0) | 0.5 (0.7; 1.0) |
| Total MVPAc, METs/day | 123.4 (160.8; 285.2) | 119.0 (151.6; 213.3) | 123.4 (166.4; 223.3) |
| Screen-based sedentaryc, hours/day | 4.0 (3.9; 4.7) | 4.0 (3.8; 4.4) | 4.0 (3.9; 4.2) |
| Blood interleukin-6c, pg/mL | 1.68 (0.94; 2.42)*** | 2.83 (1.26; 3.49) | 2.48 (1.96; 3.00) |
FA fatty acids, DXA dual-energy χ-ray absorptiometry, ASM appendicular skeletal muscle mass, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity.
aData only assessed in female participants.
bValues expressed as number of participants and percentage in parentheses.
cValues expressed as median and 95% CIs and statistical analysis based on log-transformed data.
Significant different from females at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.