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. 2023 Apr 25;25:e42090. doi: 10.2196/42090

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of the included studies.

Study Sample size, n Sex (male/female), n Age (years), mean (SD) Duration of symptoms (years) Interventions Duration of intervention Outcome index Adverse event
Williams et al [28], 2010

  • EGa: 59

  • CGb: 59

  • EG: 3/56

  • CG: 3/56

  • EG: 50.17 (12.34)

  • CG: 50.75 (10.58)

  • EG: 9.45 (6.85)

  • CG: 9.34 (6.10)

  • EG: WEB-SMc

  • CG: UCd

 6 months BPIe, SF-36f, CES-Dg, MFIh, MOSi, and STPIj Not mention
Ang et al [27], 2010

  • EG: 15

  • CG: 13

  • EG: 0/17

  • CG: 0/15

  • EG: 50.5 (9.5)

  • CG: 47.0 (12.4)

  • EG: 11.8 (4.6)

  • CG: 12.3 (7.9)

  • EG: CBTk

  • CG: UC

 6 weeks NFRl threshold, FIQm-pain rating, and PHQ-8n Not mention
Menga et al [29], 2014

  • EG: 17

  • CG: 27

  • Not reported

  • 55

  • Not reported

  • EG: internet-based CBT

  • CG: pharmacologic therapy

 6 and 12 months FIQ and Number of Tender Points Not mention
Vallejo, et al [30], 2015

  • EG: 20

  • CG1: 20

  • CG2: 20

  • EG: 0/20

  • CG1: 0/20

  • CG2: 0/20

  • EG: 49.82 (11.01)

  • CG1: 51.33 (10.03)

  • CG2: 53.50 (8.56)

  • EG: 8.6 (7.85)

  • CG1: 8.6 (7.23)

  • CG2: 8.8 (6.94)

  • EG: iCBTo

  • CG1: waiting list

  • CG2: CBT

 10 weeks FIQ, PCSp, HADSq, BDIr, and CPSSs Not mention
Friesen, et al [31], 2017

  • EG: 30

  • CG: 30

  • EG: 2/28

  • CG: 1/29

  • EG: 49 (10)

  • CG: 46 (13)

  • EG: 20 (9)

  • CG: 13 (10)

  • EG: internet-based pain management

  • CG: waiting list

 8 weeks FIQ-Rt, BPI, GAD-7u, HADS, SF-12, and PSEQv Not mention
Hedman-Lagerlöf et al [32], 2018

  • EG: 70

  • CG: 70

  • EG: 2/68

  • CG: 1/69

  • EG: 51.8 (10.7)

  • CG: 49.3 (10.0)

  • EG: 11.0 (7.3)

  • CG: 9.2 (7.5)

  • EG: iExpw

  • CG: waitlist

 10 weeks FIQ, FIQ-pain, FFSx, WHO-DAS IIy, depressive symptoms using the PHQ-9, GAD-7, and ISIz Increased pain
Molinari et al [20], 2018

  • EG: 38

  • CG: 33

  • Not reported

  • 51.08 (10.54)

  • 13.1 (10.07)

  • EG: BPSaa

  • CG: daily activities

 4 weeks Depression BDI-II, PANASab, GSES-12ac, FIQ-R, and PCS Not mention
Simister et al [33], 2018

  • EG: 33

  • CG: 34

  • 3/64

  • 39.7 (9.36)

  • 10.16 (7.83)

  • EG: web-based ACTad + TAUae

  • CG: TAU

 2 months FIQ-R, CES-D, FFMQaf, CFQag, and SF-MPQah Not mention
Lee et al [19], 2019

  • EG: 14

  • CG: 11

  • EG: 0/14

  • CG: 0/11

  • EG: 42.8 (7.2)

  • CG: 41.7 (11.2)

  • EG: 6.21 (10.5

  • CG: 7.13 (20.6)

  • EG: PAASai

  • CG: usual treatment

 3 months FIQ, VASaj, BDI, and EQ-5D Not mention
García-Perea et al [34], 2021

  • EG: 40

  • CG: 40

  • EG: 1/39

  • CG: 2/38

  • EG: 53.3 (7.49)

  • CG: 55.5 (4.06)

  • Not reported

  • EG: web-based nursing consultation

  • CG: standard follow-up

 6 and 12 months FIQ and SF-36 Not mention
Yuan et al [21], 2021

  • EG: 20

  • CG: 20

  • EG: 1/19

  • CG: 0/20

  • EG: 43.3 (8.4)

  • CG: 42.1 (11.8)

  • EG: 8.9 (4.9)

  • CG: 7.2 (5.8)

  • EG: ProFibro app

  • CG: paper book

 6 weeks FIQ-R, VAS, WPIak, symptom severity, and self-care Not mention
Serrat et al [35], 2021

  • EG: 75

  • CG: 76

  • EG: 4/71

  • CG: 6/70

  • EG: 54.89 (8.94)

  • CG: 53.82(8.45)

  • Not reported

  • EG: FIBROWALK + TAU

  • CG: TAU

 12 weeks FIQ-R, TSKal, HADS-Anxiety and HADS-Depression, and SF-36 Not mention
Hernando-Garijo et al [18], 2021

  • EG: 14

  • CG: 14

  • EG: 0/14

  • CG: 0/14

  • EG: 51.81 (9.05)

  • CG: 55.06 (8.51)

  • 10.54 (7.4)

  • EG: telerehabilitation program

  • CG: usual treatment

 15 weeks FIQ, VAS, Algometer score, PCS, HADS, 6-min Walk Test, and Arm Curl Test Not mention
Serrat et al [36], 2022

  • EG1: 110

  • EG2: 110

  • CG: 110

  • EG1: 1/109

  • EG2: 3/107

  • CG: 7/103

  • EG1: 52.78 (8.64)

  • EG2: 52.54 (9.78)

  • CG: 53.48 (8.93)

  • 15.6 (9.12)

  • EG1: FIBROWALK + TAU

  • EG2: MPPam + TAU

  • CG: TAU

 12 weeks FIQ-R, VAS, HADS, and SF-36 Not mention

aEG: experimental group.

bCG: control group.

cWEB-SM: Web-Enhanced Behavioral Self-management.

dUC: usual care.

eBPI: Brief Pain Inventory.

fSF: Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire.

gCES-D: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.

hMFI: Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory.

iMOS: Medical Outcomes Study.

jSTPI: State-Trait Personality Inventory.

kCBT: cognitive behavioral therapy.

lNFR: Nociceptive Flexion Reflex.

mPHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire.

nFIQ: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire.

oiCBT: internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy.

pPCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale.

qHADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

rBDI: Beck Depression Inventory.

sCPSS: Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale.

tFIQ-R: Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire

uGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item.

vPSEQ: Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.

wiEXP: internet-delivered exposure treatment.

xFFS: Fatigue Severity Scale.

yWHO-DAS II: the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II.

zISI: Insomnia Severity Index.

aaBPS: Best Possible Self.

abPANAS: The Positive and Negative Affect Scale.

acGSES-12: General Self Efficacy Scale.

adACT: acceptance and commitment therapy.

aeTAU: treatment as usual.

afFFMQ: The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire.

agCFQ: The Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire.

ahSF-MPQ: The McGill Pain Questionnaire-short form.

aiPAAS: Pain Assessment and Analysis System.

ajVAS: Visual Analog Scale for Pain.

akWPI: Widespread Pain Index.

alTSK: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia.

amMPP: Multicomponent Physiotherapy Program.