Table 2.
Mean and standard derivation of each GHQ-12 and the loneliness item, sum scores for the GHQ-12 for each sampling time and internal consistencies (N = 7815).
| Pre-COVID survey | Wave 1 | Wave 6 | Wave 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dec '18 to Jan ‘20 | April 2020 | November 2020 | January 2021 | |
| GHQ items mean (SD) | ||||
| Able to concentrate | 1.14 (0.45) | 1.24 (0.62) | 1.02 (0.52) | 1.22 (0.54) |
| Lost much sleep | 0.78 (0.7) | 0.89 (0.82) | 0.93 (0.74) | 0.92 (0.75) |
| Playing a useful part | 1.07 (0.48) | 1.19 (0.71) | 1.15 (0.52) | 1.19 (0.56) |
| Capable of making decisions | 1.05 (0.39) | 1.09 (0.44) | 1.10 (0.43) | 1.12 (0.44) |
| Under stress | 0.93 (0.75) | 1.01 (0.81) | 1.05 (0.76) | 1.03 (0.78) |
| Could not overcome difficulties | 0.70 (0.71) | 0.72 (0.74) | 0.82 (0.71) | 0.81 (0.73) |
| Enjoy normal activities | 1.14 (0.49) | 1.50 (0.84) | 1.42 (0.67) | 1.48 (0.7) |
| Can face up to problems | 1.07 (0.41) | 1.09 (0.43) | 1.11 (0.41) | 1.12 (0.43) |
| Feeling unhappy and depressed | 0.82 (0.79) | 0.93 (0.85) | 0.97 (0.81) | 0.99 (0.82) |
| Losing confidence | 0.70 (0.77) | 0.69 (0.77) | 0.79 (0.78) | 0.77 (0.78) |
| Thinking of self as worthless | 0.39 (0.67) | 0.41 (0.69) | 0.50 (0.71) | 0.48 (0.71) |
| Feeling reasonably happy | 1.08 (0.52) | 1.17 (0.59) | 1.19 (0.54) | 1.24 (0.56) |
| Sum score GHQ (SD) | 11.26 (5.48) | 12.30 (6.08) | 12.63 (6.01) | 12.82 (6.12) |
| Cronbach’s alpha GHQ (α) | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.92 |
| Omega total GHQ (Ω) | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.94 |
| Loneliness | 1.38 (0.60) | 1.38 (0.60) | 1.41 (0.59) | 1.45 (0.61) |
| Skewness/Kurtosis | ||||
| Able to concentrate | 1.67/4.64 | 0.86/1.19 | 1.41/2.83 | 1.37/2.36 |
| Lost much sleep | 0.63/0.27 | 0.58/-0.35 | 0.53/0.13 | 0.55/0.09 |
| Playing a useful part | 1.24/4.87 | 0.58/0.5 | 1.25/3.24 | 1.17/2.32 |
| Capable of making decisions | 1.49/7.85 | 1.4/5.52 | 1.75/6.18 | 1.93/6.35 |
| Under stress | 0.51/−0.02 | 0.44/−0.39 | 0.45/−0.03 | 0.49/−0.04 |
| Could not overcome difficulties | 0.81/0.39 | 0.81/0.32 | 0.63/0.35 | 0.71/0.45 |
| Enjoy normal activities | 1.56/4.35 | 0.23/−0.58 | 0.83/0.16 | 0.79/−0.16 |
| Can face up to problems | 1.76/7.96 | 1.78/6.67 | 2.27/7.68 | 2.25/7.33 |
| Feeling unhappy and depressed | 0.68/-0.12 | 0.51/−0.60 | 0.48/−0.37 | 0.44/−0.48 |
| Losing confidence | 0.87/0.20 | 0.96/0.42 | 0.79/0.21 | 0.82/0.22 |
| Thinking of self as worthless | 1.76/2.81 | 1.74/2.74 | 1.43/1.71 | 1.49/1.93 |
| Feeling reasonably happy | 1.01/3.56 | 0.76/1.53 | 1.24/2.54 | 1.16/1.82 |
| Loneliness | 1.30/0.62 | 1.33/0.71 | 1.10/0.21 | 1.01/−0.02 |