Table 1.
Characteristics of unexplained paediatric hepatitis cases and related specimens
| Case ID | Sex | Liver transplant | Sender | Specimen 1 | ID 1 | Specimen 2 | ID 2 | Specimen 3 | ID 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | M | Yes | BCH | Liver | JBL1 | ||||
| 2 | M | Yes | BCH, PHW | Liver | JBL4 | NPA | JBN1 | ||
| 3 | F | Yes | BCH | Liver | JBL3 | ||||
| 4 | M | Yes | BCH, UKHSA | Liver | JBL2 | Blood | JBB25 | ||
| 5 | F | Yes | BCH | Liver | JBL5 | ||||
| 6 | F | No | UKHSA | Blood | JBB9 | Blood | JBB14 | Blood | JBB16 |
| 7 | F | No | UKHSA | Blood | JBB11 | Blood | JBB10 | ||
| 8 | F | No | UKHSA | Serum | JBPL1 | Blood | JBB13 | ||
| 9 | M | No | UKHSA | Blood | JBB1 | ||||
| 10 | M | No | UKHSA | Blood | JBB15 | ||||
| 11 | NA | No | GRI | Blood | JBB2 | ||||
| 12 | M | No | UKHSA | Blood | JBB12 | ||||
| 13 | NA | No | GRI | Blood | JBB7 | ||||
| 14 | NA | No | GRI | Blood | JBB8 | ||||
| 15 | NA | No | GRI | Blood | JBB4 | Blood | JBB3 | ||
| 16 | NA | No | GRI | Blood | JBB5 | ||||
| 17 | F | No | UKHSA | Throat swab | JBB18 | Stool | JBB17 | ||
| 18 | F | No | UKHSA | Blood | JBB19 | ||||
| 19 | F | No | UKHSA | Blood | JBB20 | Blood | JBB23 | ||
| 20 | M | No | UKHSA | Blood | JBB21 | ||||
| 21 | NA | No | PHW | NPA | JBB26 | ||||
| 22 | NA | No | GRI | Stool | JBB27 | ||||
| 23 | NA | No | GRI | Throat swab | JBB28 | Stool | JBB30 | ||
| 24 | NA | No | GRI | Stool | JBB29 | ||||
| 25 | NA | No | NHSL | Blood | JBB31 | ||||
| 26 | NA | No | NHSL | Stool | JBB32 | ||||
| 27 | F | No | UKHSA | Blood | JBB24 | ||||
| 28 | M | Yes | KCH | Liver | JBL6 | ||||
| 29 | F | Yes | KCH | Liver | JBL7 | Liver | JBL8 | ||
| 30 | F | No | KCH | Liver | JBL9 | ||||
| 31 | F | Yes | KCH | Liver | JBL10 | ||||
| 32 | M | Yes | KCH | Liver | JBL11 | Serum | JBB34 | ||
| 33 | F | Yes | KCH | Liver | JBL12 | ||||
| 34 | M | Yes | KCH | Liver | JBL13 | Serum | JBB36 | ||
| 35 | F | No | KCH | Liver | JBL14 | Serum | JBB35 | ||
| 36 | M | Yes | KCH | Liver | JBL15 | Serum | JBB37 | ||
| 37 | F | No | KCH | Serum | JBB38 | ||||
| 38 | M | No | KCH | Serum | JBB39 |
The median age for the cases is 3 years of age (age range: 1–9 years of age). Case 10 was 9 years of age. All other cases were 7 years of age or younger.
Cases 1–5 underwent liver transplant and had metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), PCR and viral whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of their specimens. Cases 28, 29, 31–34 and 36 also underwent liver transplant and had PCR for all three viruses under investigation. BCH sent the liver explant for case 2, PHW the NPA. BCH sent the liver for case 4, UKHSA the blood.
Cases 6–27, 30, 35, 37 and 38 did not receive a liver transplant. Cases 30 and 35 had liver biopsies. Cases 6–10 had metagenomic next-generation sequencing, PCR and viral WGS on their samples. Cases 11–22 had PCR for one to two of the viruses under investigation and viral WGS of positive PCRs. Cases 23–27 only had HAdV WGS on their samples and there was no residual material for further testing. Cases 31, 36, 38 and 39 had PCR for all three viruses under investigation.
BCH, Birmingham Children’s Hospital; F, female; GRI, Glasgow Royal Infirmary; KCH, King’s College Hospital; M, male; NA, not applicable; NHSL, NHS Lothian; NPA, nasopharygeal aspirate; PHW, Public Health Wales.