TABLE 4.

Hazard ratios for mortality associated with serum sodium levels in patients with heart failure.

	Crude		Model‐1		Model‐2
	HR (95% CI)	p‐Value	HR (95% CI)	p‐Value	HR (95% CI)	p‐Value
Na < 135 mmol/L	2.12 (1.81, 2.48)	<0.001	2.05 (1.75, 2.41)	<0.001	1.67 (1.29, 2.16)	<0.001
135 ≤ Na < 137 mmol/L	1.49 (1.24, 1.78)	<0.001	1.46 (1.22, 1.75)	<0.001	1.34 (1.01, 1.78)	0.042
137 ≤ Na < 139 mmol/L	1.11 (0.93, 1.34)	0.243	1.11 (0.92, 1.33)	0.266	0.94 (0.71, 1.25)	0.676
139 ≤ Na < 141 mmol/L	1 (Reference)	–	1 (Reference)	–	1 (Reference)	–
141 ≤ Na < 143 mmol/L	0.96 (0.78, 1.19)	0.725	0.95 (0.77, 1.18)	0.666	0.96 (0.68, 1.35)	0.827
143 ≤ Na≤145 mmol/L	1.09 (0.82, 1.46)	0.543	1.06 (0.8, 1.42)	0.682	0.93 (0.58, 1.47)	0.745
Na > 145 mmol/L	1.32 (0.83, 2.11)	0.245	1.28 (0.8, 2.05)	0.298	1.6 (0.85, 3.03)	0.146

Note: The reference interval is represented by the sodium interval 139–141 mmol/L. The model 1 is adjusted for age and sex. The model 2 is adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking history, drinking history, ALT, AST, eGFR, abnormal serum potassium level, NT‐proBNP, NYHA Functional Class IV, LVEF, and pharmacotherapy.