Table 3.
Mean (standard deviation) of sagittal plane lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during C1 and C2
| C1 |
C2 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Young | Older | Young | Older | |
|
| ||||
| Kinematics | ||||
| (°) | ||||
| Ankle IC | 2.14 (4.74) | 2.75 (4.57) | 2.19 (4.41) | 2.36 (4.73) |
| Ankle Peak | 21.38 (1.70) | 21.78 (1.92) | 21.58 (1.75) | 21.65 (1.79) |
| Ankle ROM | 19.24 (4.56) | 19.03 (3.81) | 19.40 (4.10) | 19.29 (3.57) |
| Knee IC | −17.70 (2.32) | −18.43 (3.28) | −18.14 (2.31) | −18.73 (2.93) |
| Knee Peak | −41.86 (2.19) | −41.27 (2.97) | −41.59 (2.34) | −41.24 (3.34) |
| Knee ROM | 24.16 (2.78)* | 22.84 (2.62) | 23.45 (2.67) | 22.52 (2.57) |
| Knee IC | 46.16 (4.53) | 44.31 (6.86) | 46.24 (3.46) | 45.17 (6.86) |
| Knee ROM | 44.86 (5.66) | 44.41 (3.96) | 45.77 (5.83) | 44.54 (4.19) |
| Kinetics | ||||
| Peak vGRF (N/BW) | 2.52 (0.16)* | 2.38 (0.21) | 2.52 (0.17)* | 2.37 (0.23) |
| Peak PF moment (Nm/kg) | −2.72 (0.31) | −2.64 (0.35) | −2.73 (0.33) | −2.59 (0.38) |
| Peak KE moment (Nm/kg) | 2.43 (0.34)* | 2.20(0.22) | 2.40 (0.35)* | 2.20 (0.34) |
| Peak HE moment (Nm/kg) | −2.49 (0.44) | −2.54 (0.40) | −2.67 (0.58) | −2.63(0.50) |
| Max ankle power (W/kg) | 14.05 (2.6) | 13.67 (2.14) | 14.10 (3.36) | 13.06 (2.80) |
| Max knee power (W/kg) | 5.35 (1.02)* | 4.93 (0.72) | 5.42 (1.22)* | 4.78 (1.05) |
| Max hip power (W/kg) | 3.84 (1.22)* | 4.98 (2.38) | 4.14 (1.00)* | 5.43 (3.56) |
| Positive ankle work (J/kg) | 0.17 (0.03) | 0.16 (0.02) | 0.17 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.03) |
| Positive knee work (J/kg) | 0.07(0.02) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.02) |
| Positive hip work (J/kg) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.04) |
IC: initial contact; ROM: range of motion; vGRF: vertical ground reaction force; PF: plantarflexion; KE: knee extension; HE: hip extension; (−) negative kinematic value represents a clockwise rotation
*
denotes moderate effect size (0.4–0.7) between older and young runners for respective condition.