TABLE 1.
Group Differences
| Measure | Statistical Significance | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Trauma (n = 231) | Accidental Trauma (n = 210) | Interpersonal Trauma (n = 283) | PTSD (n = 99) | Kruskal-Wallis | Post-Hoc Mann-Whitney | ||||||
| 0 versus 1 | 0 versus 2 | 0 versus 3 | 1 versus 2 | 1 versus 3 | 2 versus 3 | ||||||
| Women | 159 (69%) | 135 (64%) | 195 (69%) | 72 (73%) | |||||||
| Age, y | 53.9 (18.0) | 55.9 (15.7) | 53.0 (16.0) | 50.7 (12.0) | |||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.1 (5.0) | 26.6 (5.8) | 26.4 (5.4) | 26.2 (5.7) | |||||||
| Pain area, % | 6.9 (12.6) | 7.3 (11.4) | 8.5 (12.8) | 13.2 (18.5) | *** | *** | ** | * | |||
| Widespread Pain Index (0–19) | 4.1 (4.4) | 4.4 (4.5) | 5.6 (5.0) | 7.3 (5.7) | *** | * | *** | *** | |||
| Current pain, VAS (0–100) | 48.3 (29.8) | 52.6 (27.9) | 52.9 (27.2) | 59.4 (24.5) | |||||||
| Mean pain, VAS (0–100) | 55.8 (24.7) | 59.3 (22.7) | 59.8 (21.6) | 65.0 (20.8) | |||||||
| Maximal pain, VAS (0–100) | 70.3 (25.2) | 75.6 (21.0) | 79.5 (18.5) | 80.6 (17.4) | ** | *** | ** | ||||
| Acceptable pain, VAS (0–100) | 22.6 (19.4) | 25.8 (19.6) | 25.4 (17.2) | 31.7 (21.4) | ** | *** | |||||
| Sleep impairment, VAS (0–100) | 45.6 (32.2) | 53.3 (31.6) | 52.2 (32.9) | 70.6 (28.1) | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||
| Pain Disability Index (0–70) | 31.3 (15.5) | 35.3 (15.7) | 38.0 (14.7) | 42.3 (13.4) | *** | * | *** | *** | *** | * | |
| Patient Health Questionnaire | |||||||||||
| 10-item stress scale (0–20) | 5.0 (3.4) | 6.1 (3.3) | 7.4 (4.1) | 10.3 (4.4) | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** |
| 7-item anxiety scale (0–21) | 6.3 (4.7) | 7.3 (4.7) | 8.3 (5.0) | 12.1 (5.4) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| 9-item depression scale (0–27) | 9.3 (5.5) | 10.4 (5.1) | 11.8 (5.3) | 15.4 (5.5) | *** | *** | *** | * | *** | *** | |
| 15-item somatic scale (0–30) | 10.4 (4.9) | 11.8 (4.9) | 13.3 (5.1) | 16.8 (5.3) | *** | * | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** |
PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; VAS = visual analog scale.
Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise stated. (0) no trauma; (1) accidental trauma; (2) interpersonal trauma; (3) PTSD.
* p < .05.
** p < .01.
*** p < .001.