Table 1.
Characteristics of cases under 5 years of age included in the sample.
| Demographic characteristics | Total sample (n = 1194) |
Stunted (n = 532) |
Not stunted (n = 662) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child age (months), M (±SE) | 29.98 ± 0.51 | 33.32 ± 0.67 | 27.31 ± 0.73 |
| Child sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 636 (53.3%) | 285 (53.6%) | 351 (53%) |
| Female | 558 (46.7%) | 247 (46.4%) | 311 (47%) |
| Caregiver schedule | – | – | – |
| Caste | 976 (81.7%) | 425 (79.9%) | 551 (83.2%) |
| Tribe | 218 (18.3%) | 107 (20.1%) | 111 (16.8%) |
| Stunted (HAZ <−2), n (%) | |||
| No | 662 (55.5%) | – | – |
| Yes | 532 (44.5%) | – | – |
| Stunting (HAZ <−2), M (±SE) | −1.80 (1.76) | −3.34 (0.04) | 0.56 (1.18) |
| Drinking water source, n (%) | |||
| Piped into dwelling | 17 (1.4%) | 5 (0.9%) | 12 (1.8%) |
| Piped into yard | 107 (9%) | 50 (9.4%) | 57 (8.6%) |
| Public tap | 195 (16.3%) | 91 (17.1%) | 104 (15.7%) |
| Borehole | 527 (44.1%) | 223 (41.9%) | 304 (45.9%) |
| Protected well | 18 (1.5%) | 8 (1.5%) | 10 (1.5%) |
| Unprotected well | 221 (18%) | 110 (20.7%) | 111 (16.8%) |
| Unprotected spring | 2 (0.2%) | – | 2 (0.3%) |
| Groundwater | 35 (2.9%) | 16 (3.0%) | 19 (2.9%) |
| Rainwater | 28 (2.3%) | 7 (1.3%) | 21 (3.2%) |
| Tanker truck | 14 (1.2%) | 7 (1.3%) | 7 (1.1%) |
| Cart | 30 (2.5%) | 15 (2.8%) | 15 (2.3%) |
| Sanitation facility, n (%) | |||
| Flush to pipe sewer system | 1 (0.1%) | – | 1 (0.2%) |
| Flush to septic tank | 43 (3.6%) | 16 (3.0%) | 27 (4.1%) |
| Flush to pit latrine | 27 (2.3%) | 4 (0.8%) | 23 (3.5%) |
| Flush elsewhere | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | – |
| Ventilated pit latrine | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | – |
| Pit latrine with slab | 17 (0.4%) | 6 (1.1%) | 11 (1.7%) |
| Pit latrine without slab | 11 (0.9%) | 4 (0.8%) | 7 (1.1%) |
| No facility/field/bush | 1088 (9.1%) | 498 (93.6%) | 590 (89.1%) |
| Dry toilet | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) |
| Other | 3 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 2 (0.3%) |
| Cooking fuel source | |||
| LPG/natural gas | 33 (2.8%) | 9 (1.7%) | 24 (3.6%) |
| Kerosene | 4 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 3 (0.5%) |
| Charcoal | 4 (0.3%) | 2 (0.4%) | 2 (0.3%) |
| Wood | 1021 (85%) | 455 (85.5%) | 566 (85.5%) |
| Straw/shrubs/grass | 71 (5.9%) | 33 (6.2%) | 38 (5.7%) |
| Agricultural waste | 32 (2.7%) | 13 (2.4%) | 19 (2.9%) |
| Animal waste | 29 (2.4%) | 19 (3.6%) | 10 (1.5%) |
| Agricultural land ownership | |||
| No | 224 (18.8%) | 116 (21.8%) | 108 (16.3%) |
| Yes | 970 (81.2%) | 416 (78.2%) | 554 (83.7%) |
HAZ, height-for-age z-scores.