Table 2.

OR and χ² for household characteristics on stunting (HAZ <−2) standardised coefficients and CIs.

Household characteristics (n = 1194)	OR	χ2
Drinking water source
Unimproved	1[Reference]	3.24 (1)
Improved	0.78 (0.60–1.02)
Age category
0–5 months
Unimproved	1[Reference]	0.24 (1)
Improved	0.76 (0.26–2.21)
6–23 months
Unimproved	1[Reference]	6.27 (1)*
Improved	0.53 (0.32–0.87)
24–59 months
Unimproved	1[Reference]	0.27 (1)
Improved	0.91 (0.65–1.27)
Sanitation facilities
Unimproved	1[Reference]	7.87 (1)**
Improved	0.51 (0.32–0.82)
Age category
0–5 months
Unimproved	1[Reference]	1.39 (1)
Improved	2.32 (0.55–9.67)
6–23 months
Unimproved	1[Reference]	1.54 (1)
Improved	0.58 (0.24–1.37)
24–59 months
Unimproved	1[Reference]	8.96 (1)**
Improved	0.40 (0.22–0.74)
Cooking fuel
Biomass	1[Reference]	4.01 (1)*
Improved	0.50 (0.25–0.99)
Age category
0–5 months
Biomass	1[Reference]	1.11 (1)
Improved	0.84 (0.77–0.91)
6–23 months
Biomass	1[Reference]	0.44 (1)
Improved	1.13 (0.34–3.80)
24–59 months
Biomass	1[Reference]	4.63 (1)*
Improved	0.38 (0.15–0.94)
Agricultural land ownership
No	1[Reference]	5.83 (1)*
Yes	0.69 (0.52–0.93)
Age category
0–5 months
No	1[Reference]	0.20 (1)
Yes	0.75 (0.22–2.55)
6–23 months
No	1[Reference]	0.24 (1)
Yes	0.87 (0.50–1.51)
24–59 months
No	1[Reference]	5.93 (1)*
Yes	0.62 (0.43–0.91)

^aχ²statistic with degrees of freedom and ORs with 95% CI.

^b*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Models include child age in months.

^cImproved sources of sanitation facilities: to piped sewer system, flush to septic tank, flush to pit latrine, flush elsewhere, ventilated pit latrine and pit latrine with slab.

^dImproved drinking water source: piped into dwelling, piped into yard, public tap, borehole and protected well [34] vs. unimproved.

^eImproved cooking fuel: LPG/natural gas and kerosene.

CI, confidence interval; HAZ, height-for-age z-scores; OR, odds ratio; χ², chi-square.