1. Multimodal prehabilitation programmes.

	Gillis 2014	Bousquet‐Dion 2018	Carli 2020
Exercise	General: home‐based 50‐minute sessions at least 3 days per week Aerobic: 20 minutes walking/ cycling/ jogging, or swimming intensity: moderate, started at 40% of heart rate reserve Resistance: eight exercises for major muscle groups using resistance bands intensity: 8‐12 repetitions maximal	General: home‐based once a week supervised session 60‐minute sessions 3‐4 days per week  Aerobic: home‐based: 30 minutes walking, jogging, or cycling Supervised: 30 minutes recumbent stepper/ treadmill intensity: moderate, 60‐70% maximal heart rate Resistance: eight exercises for major muscle groups using resistance bands intensity: 8‐15 repetitions maximal	General: home‐based once a week supervised session  aerobic: daily, 30‐minute sessions resistance: 3 days per week, 25‐minute sessions Aerobic: home based: 30‐minute daily walk Supervised: 30 minutes recumbent stepper intensity: moderate, 60‐70% maximal heart rate Resistance: eight exercises for major muscle groups using resistance bands intensity: 8‐15 repetitions maximal
Nutrition	extensive nutritional counselling target protein intake: 1.2 grams per kilogram body weight whey protein supplementation, ingested within 1 hour of exercise regimen	extensive nutritional counselling target protein intake: 1.2 grams per kilogram body weight whey protein supplementation when protein requirements were not met by intake alone;  ingested within 1 hour of exercise regimen	extensive nutritional counselling target protein intake: 1.5 grams per kilogram body weight whey protein supplementation when protein requirements were not met by intake alone;  ingested within 1 hour of exercise regimen
Mental health	60‐minute consult psychologist  coping strategies, anxiety reducing techniques compact disc with instructions provided motivational advices	60‐minute consult psychology‐trained member of research team coping strategies, anxiety reducing techniques compact disc with instructions provided	assessment by psychology‐trained nurse coping strategies focusing on anxiety, depression, and fatigue compact disc with instructions provided counselling regarding smoking and alcohol cessation

This programme was being offered to the patients in the prehabilitation group four weeks preoperatively in Bousquet‐Dion 2018, Carli 2020, and Gillis 2014. In Bousquet‐Dion 2018 and Gillis 2014 patients resumed this programme in the prehabilitation group postoperatively until eight weeks after surgery (minus the supervised sessions in Bousquet‐Dion 2018). The programme did not continue postoperatively in Carli 2020.

The rehabilitation or control group did not follow a preoperative programme. Subjects started this identical, postsurgical rehabilitation programme until eight weeks postoperatively inBousquet‐Dion 2018 and Gillis 2014, and until four weeks after surgery in Carli 2020.