Figure 3.

A) 3D printing of alveolar model topologies with entangled vascular networks. i, ii) Images show fabrication of entangled vessel topologies (interpenetrating Hilbert curves and bicontinuous cubic lattice) within the PEGDA hydrogels. iii) Architectural design of an alveolar model topology based on a Weaire-Phelan 3D tessellation with vasculature and shared airway atrium. iv) Photograph of a printed hydrogel shows concave regions of the airway (dashed black circles) squeeze adjacent blood vessels and cause RBC clearance. v) A computational model of airway inflation demonstrates increased displacement at concave regions (dashed yellow circles). Reproduced from [164] with permission. B) Generation of model tissues with dendritic vascular networks via sacrificial laser-sintered (SLS) carbohydrate templates. i) Schematic shows the workflow for the additive fabrication of architectural motifs of the smooth vasculature, hierarchical branching, and unsupported overhangs via SLS. ii) Volumetric reconstruction demonstrates that the metabolically active zone of cells closely follows the perfusable dendritic vascular network. Reproduced from [159] with permission.