Table 1.
PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden in the prognosis of glioma patient
| Authors (Ref) | Year | Marker | Prognostic value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Berghoff A et al. [5] | 2015 | PD-L1 | No significant differences in PD-L1 between initial and recurrent GBM specimens or with patient outcomes |
| Zeng et al. [142] | 2016 | PD-L1 | No significant relation between PD-L1 expression and OS, but a strong tendency. PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with poor OS in the patients with long-time survival or follow-up (OS ≥ 12 months) |
| Jan et al. [55] | 2018 | PD-L1 | No significant relation between PD-L1 expression and the prognostic factors OS and PFS |
| Knudsen et al. [66] | 2021 | PD-L1 | PD-L1 was expressed in all investigated GBMs but didn’t show prognostic value |
| Nduom E et al. [88] | 2016 | PD-L1 | Higher expression of PD-L1 correlated significantly with worse outcomes |
| Wang et al. [133] | 2016 | PD-L1 | Higher expression of PD-L1 indicated significantly shorter survival, especially in GBM |
| Han et al. [45] | 2017 | PD-L1 | High expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells was an independent and significant predictive factor for worse OS |
| Xue et al. [138] | 2017 | PD-L1 | High PD-L1 expression was associated with worse OS in glioma and GBM patients |
| Bloch O Et al. [6] | 2017 | PD-L1 | PD-L1 expression was the primary independent predictor of survival |
| Lee et al. [70] | 2018 | PD-L1 | PD-L1 expression in tumor cells was significantly associated with poor OS, though multivariate Cox analysis did not confirm this association. PD-L1 target therapy might be beneficial for PD-L1-expressing GBM patients with poor prognosis |
| Pratt D et al. [95] | 2018 | PD-L1 | A 5% PD-L1 expression cut-off identified a subset of glioblastoma associated with a worse clinical outcome |
| Samstein R et al. [105] | 2019 | TMB | No association between higher TMB and improved survival in patients with glioma |
| Zhao J et al. [144] | 2019 | TMB | No significant inverse relationship between TMB and radiographic/histological responses to PD1 blockade was observed in a recurrent GBM patient cohort |
| Touat M et al. [123] | 2020 | TMB | Hypermutant gliomas with mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency are less responsive to PD1 blockade than gliomas with lower TMB |
| Yin W et al. [141] | 2020 | TMB | TMB was not an independent prognostic factor in LGG, but the TMB-related immune-related risk score was |
| Draaisma K et al. [27] | 2015 | TMB | Tumor grade was correlated with the TMB: grade II diffuse gliomas had fewer genetic changes than grade III or IV |
| Wang L et al. [132] | 2020 | TMB | Patients with a higher TMB exhibited shorter overall survival, being an independent prognostic factor for glioma |
| Gromeier M et al. [40] | 2021 | TMB | Very low TMB is associated with longer survival after ICIs in recurrent glioblastoma patients, while it is not observed in cohorts of immunotherapy naïve newly diagnosed or recurrent glioblastoma patients without ICIs |
| Hodges T et al. [51] | 2017 | TMB and PD-L1 | Biomarkers are expressed infrequently in GBM without substantial overlap |
OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; MMR, mismatch repair; ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors