Table 3.
Spinal characterizations for spine-associated dysphagia (SAD), non–spine-associated dysphagia (NSAD), and healthy control (HC) groups.
| Spine characterization | SAD n (%) |
NSAD n (%) |
HC n (%) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Normal cervical spine | 0 (0) | 11 (9.5) | 16 (11.9) | .75 a |
| 2. Loss of normal lordosis | 0 (0) | 6 (5.2) | 4 (3.0) | .52 a |
| 3. Minor/nonobstructive osteophyte | 0 (0) | 14 (12.2) | 19 (14.2) | .78 a |
| 4. Partially obstructive osteophyte | 5 (21.7) | 20 (17.4) | 28 (21.0) | .75 |
| 5. Obstructive osteophyte | 1 (4.3) | 4 (3.5) | 2 (1.5) | .52 |
| 6. History of ACDF | 6 (26.1) | 5 (4.3) | 0 (0) | .002 a |
| 7. History of PCDF | 1 (4.3) | 3 (2.6) | 2 (1.5) | .64 |
| 8. Early degenerative disc disease | 0 (0) | 22 (19.1) | 40 (29.9) | .071 a |
| 9. Late degenerative disc disease | 4 (17.4) | 21 (18.3) | 23 (17.2) | .97 |
| 10. DISH | 3 (13.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| 11. Pronounced lordosis | 1 (4.3) | 6 (5.2) | 0 (0) | .99 a |
| 12. Other | 1 (4.3) | 3 (2.6) | 0 (0) | .52 a |
| Total | 23 | 115 | 134 |
Note. Dash indicates Fisher's was not able to be performed. ACDF = anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; PCDF = posterior cervical discectomy and fusion; DISH = diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.
a
Columns with zero values were excluded for chi-square/Fisher's calculation.