Table 4.
Swallowing outcomes for spine-associated dysphagia (SAD), non–spine-associated dysphagia (NSAD), and healthy control (HC) groups.
| Characteristics | SAD | NSAD | HCs | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients (n) | 15 | 85 | 100 | |
| Prestudy FOIS | ||||
| M (SD) | 6.7 (0.6) | 6.1 (1.6) | 7.0 (0) | < .001 |
| Median (IQR) | 7.0 (7.0–7.0) a | 7.0 (6.0–7.0) a , b | 7.0 (7.0–7.0) b | |
| Poststudy FOIS | ||||
| M (SD) | 6.5 (0.7) | 6.1 (1.4) | < .40 | |
| Median (IQR) | 7.0 (6.0–7.0) | 7.0 (6.0–7.0) | ||
| DIGEST total | ||||
| M (SD) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.2 (1.2) | < .96 | |
| Median (IQR) | 1.0 (0–1.0) | 1.0 (0–2.0) | ||
| PAS max score | ||||
| M (SD) | 2.9 (2.1) | 3.1 (2.7) | 1.6 (1.0) | < .001 |
| Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0–5.0) a | 2.0 (1.0–6.0) b | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) a , b | |
| EAT-10 | ||||
| M (SD) | 9.9 (8.2) | 16.3 (11.6) | 1.0 (1.9) | < .001 |
| Median (IQR) | 6.0 (4.0–14.5) a , c | 13.0 (6.0–26.0) b , c | 0 (0–1.0) a , b | |
| MBSImP Oral Total (Components 1–6) | ||||
| M (SD) | 5.4 (3.2) | 6.7 (3.4) | 5.4 (2.1) | .034 |
| Median (IQR) | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | 7.0 (4.0–9.0) b | 5.0 (4.0–7.0) b | |
| MBSImP Pharyngeal Total (Components 7–16) | ||||
| M (SD) | 7.9 (4.8) | 7.6 (4.9) | 6.0 (2.3) | .16 |
| Median (IQR) | 8.0 (3.0–12.0) | 6.0 (4.0–11.0) | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | |
| MBSImP Component 1 (lip closure) | ||||
| M (SD) | 0.27 (0.59) | 0.61 (0.73) | 1.1 (0.34) | < .001 |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0–0) a | 0 (0–1.0) b | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) a , b | |
| MBSImP Component 2 (tongue control during bolus hold) | ||||
| M (SD) | 1.0 (0.85) | 0.8 (0.90) | 0.40 (0.65) | .001 |
| Median (IQR) | 1.0 (0–2.0) a | 0.50 (0–2.0) b | 0 (0–1.0) a , b | |
| MBSImP Component 3 (bolus preparation/mastication) | ||||
| M (SD) | 0.60 (0.91) | 0.83 (1.1) | 0.20 (0.65) | < .001 |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0–2.0) | 0 (0–2.0) b | 0 (0–0) b | |
| MBSImP Component 4 (bolus transport/lingual motion) | ||||
| M (SD) | 0.20 (0.78) | 0.88 (1.2) | 0.90 (1.2) | .069 |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–2.0) | 0 (0–2.0) | |
| MBSImP Component 5 (oral residue) | ||||
| M (SD) | 1.4 (0.62) | 1.6 (0.62) | 1.8 (0.46) | .005 |
| Median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) a | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) b | 2.0 (2.0–2.0) a , b | |
| MBSImP Component 6 (initiation of the pharyngeal swallow) | ||||
| M (SD) | 2.7 (0.80) | 2.7 (0.65) | 2.2 (0.93) | < .001 |
| Median (IQR) | 3.0 (3.0–3.0) a | 3.0 (3.0–3.0) b | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) a , b | |
| MBSImP Component 7 (soft palate elevation) | ||||
| M (SD) | 0 (0) | 0.08 (0.32) | 0 (0) | .015 |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) b | 0 (0–0) b | |
| MBSImP Component 8 (laryngeal elevation) | ||||
| M (SD) | 0.73 (0.59) | 0.61 (0.60) | 0.51 (0.50) | .34 |
| Median (IQR) | 1.0 (0–1.0) | 1.0 (0–1.0) | 1.0 (0–1.0) | |
| MBSImP Component 9 (anterior hyoid excursion) | ||||
| M (SD) | 0.27 (0.46) | 0.45 (0.72) | 0.85 (0.36) | < .001 |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0–1.0) | 0 (0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) a , b | |
| MBSImP Component 10 (epiglottic movement) | ||||
| M (SD) | 0.73 (0.70) | 0.66 (0.80) | 0.25 (0.44) | < .001 |
| Median (IQR) | 1.0 (0–1.0) a | 0 (0–1.0) b | 0 (0–0.75) a , b | |
| MBSImP Component 11 (laryngeal vestibular closure) | ||||
| M (SD) | 0.33 (0.49) | 0.35 (0.50) | 0.22 (0.50) | .075 |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0–1.0) | 0 (0–1.0) | 0 (0–1.0) | |
| MBSImP Component 12 (pharyngeal stripping wave) | ||||
| M (SD) | 0.73 (0.59) | 0.60 (0.64) | 0.37 (0.49) | .015 |
| Median (IQR) | 1.0 (0–1.0) a | 1.0 (0–1.0) b | 0 (0–1.0) a , b | |
| MBSImP Component 13 (pharyngeal contraction) | ||||
| M (SD) | 0.93 (0.96) | 0.80 (1.2) | 0.17 (0.51) | < .001 |
| Median (IQR) | 1.0 (0–2.0) a | 0 (0–1.0) b | 0 (0–0) a , b | |
| MBSImP Component 14 (pharyngoesophageal segment opening) | ||||
| M (SD) | 1.2 (0.56) | 1.0 (0.76) | 0.85 (0.36) | .063 |
| Median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | |
| MBSImP Component 15 (tongue base retraction) | ||||
| M (SD) | 1.7 (0.59) | 1.8 (0.78) | 1.6 (0.50) | .24 |
| Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | |
| MBSImP Component 16 (pharyngeal residue) | ||||
| M (SD) | 1.9 (0.74) | 1.9 (0.86) | 1.8 (0.50) | .73 |
| Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | |
| MBSImP Component 17 (esophageal clearance) | ||||
| M (SD) | 1.9 (1.5) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.2 (1.4) | .015 |
| Median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0–4.0) a | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) b | 1.0 (0–2.0) a , b |
Note. FOIS = Functional Oral Intake Scale; IQR = interquartile range; DIGEST = Dynamic Imaging Grade of Swallowing Toxicity; PAS = Penetration–Aspiration Scale; EAT-10 = 10-item Eating Assessment Tool; MBSImP = Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile.
a
Statistically significant difference between medians of SAD and HC.
b
Statistically significant difference between medians of NSAD and HC.
c
Statistically significant difference between medians of SAD and NSAD.