Figure 3. Map showing the self-sampling approach in countries that officially recommend HPV-based screening.

As of October 2020, few countries had introduced HPV primary screening, and most were concentrated in high-income countries. Only 17 countries had introduced HPV self-sampling into their national programs or guidelines and of those, half reserved the use of self-sampling for under-screened populations only. From Serrano et al., 2022. Preventive Medicine 154:106900. (CC BY 4.0).