Table 5.
Cigarette Smoke Can Induce Trained Innate Immune Tolerance
| Cell type/disease | Effect | Receptor/pathway | PMID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSE | MDMs and THP-1 cells | Inhibited LPS- and LPS plus ATP-induced IL-1β and IL-18 release and pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18, and NLRP3 expression Decreased LPS-induced lactate release and basal glycolytic flux and impaired glycolytic burst |
NLRP3-independent and TLR4-TRIF-caspase-8-dependent pathway | 31914643 |
| A single injection of nicotine | Renal I/R injury in rats | Attenuated renal dysfunction and tubular necrosis induced by I/R injury Ameliorated acute tubular damage following renal I/R injury Reduced TNF-α protein expression and leukocyte infiltration of the kidney |
α7nAChR | 18401335 |
| A single injection of nicotine | Renal I/R injury in rats | Reduced the α7nAChR protein after I/R injury Inhibited renal I/R-induced STAT3 activation |
α7nAChR | 18614620 |
| Nicotine (500 μM) | LPS-stimulated primary human macrophages | Inhibited TNF release from LPS-stimulated macrophages | 12508119 | |
| Nicotine | IL-18-stimulated PBMC | Inhibited IL-18-enhanced expression of ICAM-1 and CD40 Inhibited production of IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ by IL-18-stimulated cells |
α7nAChR | 16966384 |
| Pretreatment with CSE | LPS stimulated bronchial epithelial cells | Inhibited LPS-induced GM-CSF and IL-8 protein release Suppressed neutrophil chemotaxis induced by LPS Downregulated the activity of LPS-induced transcription factor AP-1 Attenuated inflammatory response induced by LPS |
Suppression of AP-1 activation | 15356167 |
| Pretreatment with CSE | Anti-CD3 and PMA stimulated PBMCs | Suppressed production of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ | 10932071 | |
| CS | Lung macrophages of Apoe−/− mice | Increased itaconate metabolite Increased expression of IRG1 Prevents overshooting macrophage activation in the lungs May counteract the oxidative challenge from the activated immune system as well as directly from CS exposure. |
32419906 |
CS increases the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and decreases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
α7nAChR, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; IRG1, immune responsive gene 1; MDMs, monocyte-derived macrophages; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.