FIGURE 1.

The main autophagy pathways described in mammalian cells are classified according to the way goods are delivered to lysosomes. (A), Macroautophagy promotes the circulation of intracellular components (including organelles) by forming autophagosomes. (B), In the process of microautophagy, proteins translocate directly through the invagination of lysosomal membrane. (C), Chaperone‐mediated autophagy can degrade proteins that carry a specific sequence (KFERQ motif), which is recognized by chaperone proteins such as Hsc70. The recognition of chaperone proteins by lysosomal‐associated membrane protein 2A (chaperone‐mediated autophagy receptor in lysosomal membrane) promotes the expansion and translocation of proteins in the lysosome.