Table 3.

Random-effects results: Average SMD short-term follow-up by outcome category

Before influence analysis							After removing influential cases
Outcome category	k	aSMD	CI	PI	Q	I2/τ2	k	aSMD	CI	PI	Q	I2/τ2
Mindfulness
Mindfulness	11	0.53**	[0.27; 0.80]	[− 0.37; 1.44]	591	98.3/0.15	7	0.64**	[0.30; 0.98]	[− 0.28; 1.56]	97	93.8/0.11
Well-being
Pooled well-being factors	11	0.44***	[0.30; 0.58	[− 0.03; 0.91]	150	93.3/0.04	8	0.45	[0.34; 0.55]	[0.15; 0.74]	31	77.4/0.01
Mental health
Pooled mental health factors	16	0.56**	[0.24; 0.87]	[− 0.73; 1.84]	1865	99.2/0.34	13	0.47***	[0.29; 0.66]	[− 0.16; 1.11]	165	92.7/0.08
Burnout	10	0.43**	[0.22; 0.64]	[− 0.24; 1.09]	138	93.5/0.07	9	0.36**	[0.20; 0.52]	[− 0.11; 0.83]	104	92.3/0.04
Depression	4	0.88	[− 0.75; 2.52]	[− 4.06; 5.82]	665	99.5/1.05
Subj. mental health	5	0.55*	[− 0.14; 1.24]	[− 1.30; 2.40]	40	90.0/0.28
Stress
Stress	17	0.61***	[0.34; 0.89]	[− 0.55; 1.78]	1771	99.1/0.61	10	0.64***	[0.43; 0.84]	[0.04; 1.23]	55	83.7/0.06
Physical health
Pooled physical health factors	8	0.43**	[0.14; 0.72]	[− 0.37; 1.23]	83	91.6/0.09
Subj. physical health	6	0.50*	[0.07; 0.92]	[− 0.60; 1.59]	65	92.3/0.13
Work-related factors
Pooled work-related factors	9	0.50	[− 0.02; 1.03]	[− 1.18; 2.19]	1478	99.5/0.46	8	0.26***	[0.17; 0.34]	[0.08; 0.43]	14	50.7/0.00
Job satisfaction	6	0.58	[− 0.29; 1.44]	[− 1.88; 3.04]	1474	99.7/0.67	5	0.25**	[0.16; 0.34]	[0.03; 0.47]	10	60.8/0.00

k: number of studies; aSMD: average standardized mean difference (Hedges’ g); CI: 95% confidence interval; PI: prediction interval; ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05. See Supplementary file S5 for information on which studies were excluded as outliers