Extended Data Fig. 9. Motor Cortex functional connectivity in non-human primates.

Functional connectivity maps were seeded from dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (top row), as well as from a continuous line of points down anterior central sulcus (rows 2-4), in fMRI data from a, an individual macaque scanned for 77 min on a 10.5T MRI scanner; b, an individual macaque scanned for 53 min on a 3T scanner; and c, group-averaged data from eight macaques each scanned for 53 min on a 3T scanner. The dorsal anterior cingulate seed demonstrated connectivity to frontal, insular, and parietal regions homologous with the human CON, as well as with two regions in anterior central sulcus (maroon arrows). These central sulcus regions are thought to correspond to areas that project to internal organs¹⁰ and represent possible macaque homologues of the inter-effector regions. The central sulcus seeds demonstrated connectivity patterns corresponding to the known functional divisions between M1 regions representing the foot (second row), hand (third row), and face (bottom row).